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diatreme
A diatreme, sometimes known as a maar-diatreme volcano, is a volcanic pipe formed by a gaseous explosion. When magma rises up through a crack in the Earth's crust and makes contact with a shallow body of ground water, rapid expansion of heated water vapor and volcanic gases can cause a series of explosions. A relatively shallow crater is left (known as a maar) and a rock filled fracture (the actual diatreme) in the Earth's crust. Diatremes breach the Earth's surface and produce a steep inverted cone shape.
The term diatreme has been applied more generally to any concave body of broken rock formed by explosive or hydrostatic forces, whether or not it is related to volcanism.
== Global distribution ==
Maar-diatreme volcanoes are not uncommon, reported as the second most common type of volcanoes on continents and islands.
Igneous intrusions cause the formation of a diatreme, only in the specific setting where groundwater exists. This means most igneous intrusions do not produce diatremes.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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