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A custumal is a medieval English document, usually edited and composed over time, that stipulates the economic, political, and social customs of a manor or town.〔 == Manorial Custumals == The National Archives define custumal as "an early type of survey which consists of a list of the manor's tenants with the customs under which each held his house and lands."〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Glossary. Manorial Documents )〕 Custumals were compiled in Latin, Anglo-French or Law French and sometimes mixed fragments in different languages.〔The ''Custumal of Pevensey'', compiled before 1356, is an example of half Latin, half French custumal, cf. Larking, p. 14.〕〔All English citations in this article are translations into Modern English.〕 They were commonly preceded with a standard formula in French: ''Ces sount les usages, et les custumes le ques ...'' (There are the usages and customs of ...).〔Cf. the opening clause of ''The Custumal of Kent'', in: Robinson, p. 355.〕 Custumals existed in two distinct forms:〔Bailey, p. 61.〕 * A survey, or an inventory of rents and services ("customs") owed by each tenant of the manor; this form was relatively uncommon.〔 * An inventory of the customs of the manor itself which summarized its regular agricultural, trading and financial activities. This was the most common form, usually complete with a local code of laws, a summary of oral sworn tradition, in-house manorial rolls and written legal arrangements between the landlord and his tenants.〔 Territories governed by a custumal ranged from a single manor (''Custumal of the Manor of Cockerham'', 1326–1327〔) to an assortment of manors under common control (''Custumal of Battle Abbey'', reign of Edward I〔Scargill-Bird, p. ii〕) to a whole county. The county-wide ''Custumal of Kent'', written in Anglo-French,〔Hull, p. 150, lists two printed and three handwritten versions of the ''Custumal of Kent'', all "in Anglo-French".〕 codified the unique system of gavelkind in Kent that existed for centuries before its enactment in 1293. The ''Custumal of Kent'' has been regularly copied by scribes, who introduced errors and inserted glosses,〔Hull, p. 151, suspected that the reference to John de Berwicke in William Lambarde's ''Perambulation of Kent'' is a gloss.〕 and printed by Richard Tottel in 1536 and by William Lambarde in 1576. These printed codes are all distinctly different,〔Hull, p. 148.〕 the three handwritten and two printed copies analyzed by Hull have only nine substantially matching paragraphs (out of thirty-five).〔Hull, p. 150.〕 Lesser custumals were far more stable: the ''Custumal of the Manor of Cockerham'' was properly revised in 1463.〔 Custumals of large ecclesiastical estates introduced their own systems of grading the tenants. The ''Custumal of Battle Abbey'' used four grades: *freeholders (''liberi tenentes''), free tenants holding land in free socage; *villeins (''villani'', ''custumarii''), customary tenants not adscript to the soil; *cottars or cottagers (''cottarii''), subtenants usually holding fixed parcels of four acres (a cotland); and *subcottars: small cottars (''coterelli''), holders of one or two acres, and landless cottars (''cotteria'').〔Scargill-Bird, pp. vi-vii.〕 Custumals provide historians an insight into all significant aspects of everyday life in a manorial estate.〔 ''Custumals of the Manor of Cockerham'', written in Latin in 1326–1327, regulated usage of all resources of the country: peat fuel, salt, sheep, goats, horses, cattle and shoreline mussels.〔Bailey, p. 61. See translation of the original text in Bailey, p. 66: "No tenant ... shall trade his fuel with the strangers who come looking for mussels under a penalty of 40d."〕 It imposed practical safeguards for preservation of the property: the tenants were obliged to "maintain the dikes of the mill pond so that the pond does not burst for the lack of then".〔 It also set the rules of personal conduct: "no tenant shall call any of his neighbours a thief or a robber under a penalty of 40d. And no tenant shall call any of his neighbours a whore, for a penalty of 12d."〔Bailey, p. 62.〕 Ultimately, according to Steven Justice, "no form of writing served lordly interests and ideology more surely and directly than the manorial custumal."〔Justice, p. 260.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「custumal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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