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Custard is a variety of culinary preparations based on a cooked mixture of milk or cream and egg yolk. Depending on how much egg or thickener is used, custard may vary in consistency from a thin pouring sauce (crème anglaise) to a thick pastry cream (crème pâtissière) used to fill éclairs. Most common custards are used as desserts or dessert sauces and typically include sugar and vanilla. Custard bases may also be used for quiches and other savory foods. Sometimes flour, corn starch, or gelatin is added as in pastry cream or ''crème pâtissière''. Custard is usually cooked in a double boiler (bain-marie), or heated very gently in a saucepan on a stove, though custard can also be steamed, baked in the oven with or without a water bath, or even cooked in a pressure cooker. Custard preparation is a delicate operation, because a temperature increase of 3-6 °C (5–10 °F) leads to overcooking and curdling. Generally, a fully cooked custard should not exceed 80 °C (176 °F); it begins setting at 70 °C (158 °F). A water bath slows heat transfer and makes it easier to remove the custard from the oven before it curdles. ==History== Mixtures of milk and eggs thickened by heat have long been part of French cuisine. Custards baked in pastry (custard tarts) were very popular in the Middle Ages, and are the origin of the English word 'custard': the French term 'croustade' originally referred to the ''crust'' of a tart,〔Oxford Companion to Food, ''s.v.'' 'custard'〕 and is derived from the Italian word crostata, and ultimately the Latin ''crustāre''.〔 Page 125.〕 Examples include ''Crustardes of flessh'' and ''Crustade'', in ''The Forme of Cury''. These recipes include solid ingredients such as meat, fish, and fruit bound by the custard.〔Hieatt, Constance, and Sharon Butler. ''Curye on Inglysch: English culinary manuscripts of the fourteenth century (including the forme of cury)''. London, EETS SS 8, 1985.〕〔Austin, Thomas, ed. ''Two Fifteenth-Century Cookery Books''. London, EETS OS 91, 1888, repr. 1964; referring to Harleian MSS 279 and 4016.〕 Stirred custards cooked in pots are also found under the names ''Creme Boylede'' and ''Creme boiled''.〔 In modern times, the name 'custard' is sometimes applied to starch-thickened preparations like blancmange and Bird's Custard. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「custard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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