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colostrum
Colostrum (also known colloquially as beestings,〔Gottstein, Michael. (Colostrum is vital ingredient to keep newborn lambs alive. ) ''Irish Independent.'' 3 March 2009.〕 bisnings〔Peter Bird, Northamptonshire ACRE 'Village Voices' oral history recordings, Northamptonshire ACRE and Northamptonshire County Archives〕 or first milk) is a form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals (including humans) in late pregnancy. Most species will generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease. In general, protein concentration in colostrum is substantially higher than in milk. Fat concentration is substantially higher in colostrum than in milk in some species, e.g. sheep〔Meyer, A. M., J. J. Reed, T. L. Neville and J. F. Thorson. 2011. Nutritional plane and selenium supply during gestation affect yield and nutrient composition of colostrum and milk in primiparous ewes. USDA Agric. Res. Serv./U. Nebraska, Lincoln. Paper 716.〕〔Pearl, J. N., R. A. Edwards and E. Donaldson. 1972. The yield and composition of the milk of Finnish Landrace x Blackface ewes: 1. Ewes and lambs raised indoors. J. Agr. Sci. 79: 303-313. 〕〔Or-Rashid, M. M., R. Fisher, N. Karrow, O. AlZahal and B. W. McBride. 2010. Fatty acid profile of colostrum and milk of ewes supplemented with fish meal and the subsequent plasma fatty acid status of their lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 2092-2102. 〕 and horses,〔Csapo, J., J. Stefler,T. G. Martin, S. Makray and Sz. Csapo-Kiss. 1995. Composition of mares’ colostrum and milk. Fat content, fatty acid composition and vitamin content. Int. Dairy J. 5: 393-402.〕〔Pikul, J., J. Wojtowski, R. Dankow, B. Kuckzynsk and J. Lojek. 2008. Fat content and fatty acids profile of colostrum and milk of primitive Konik horses (Equus caballus gmelini Ant.) during six months of lactation. J. Dairy Res. 75: 302-309.〕 but lower in colostrum than in milk in some other species, e.g. camels〔Zhang, H., J. Yao, D. Zhao, H. Liu, J. Li and M.Guo. 2005. Changes in chemical compostion of Alxa Bactrian camel milk during lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3402-3410.〕 and humans.〔Saint, L., M. Smith and P. E. Hartmann; 1984. The yield and nutrient content of colostrum and milk of women from giving birth to 1 month post-partum. Br. J. Nutr. 52: 87-95.〕 In swine, fat concentration of milk at 48 to 72 hours after parturition may be higher than in colostrum or in late-lactation milk.〔Csapo, J., T. G. Martin, Z. S. Csapo-Kiss and Z. Hazas. 1996. Protein, fats, vitamin and mineral concentration in porcine colostrum and milk from parturition to 60 days. Int. Dairy J. 6: 881-892.〕 Fat concentration in bovine colostrum is extremely variable.〔Quigley, J. D., III and J. J. Drewry. 1998. Nutrient and immunity transfer from cow to calf pre- and post-calving. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2779-2790.〕
==Human colostrum==
Newborns have very immature digestive systems, and colostrum delivers its nutrients in a very concentrated low-volume form. It has a mild laxative effect, encouraging the passing of the baby's first stool, which is called meconium. This clears excess bilirubin, a waste-product of dead red blood cells, which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction from the infant's body and helps prevent jaundice. Colostrum is known to contain immune cells (as lymphocytes) and many antibodies such as IgA, IgG, and IgM. These are some of the components of the adaptive immune system. In preterm infants some IgA may be absorbed through the intestinal epithelium and enter the blood stream though there is very little uptake in full term babies.〔 〕 This is due to the early "closure" of the intestinal epithelium to large molecule uptake in humans unlike the case in cattle which continue to uptake immunoglobulin from milk shortly after birth. Other immune components of colostrum include the major components of the innate immune system, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, complement, and proline-rich polypeptides (PRP). A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well, including interleukins,〔 tumor necrosis factor, chemokines, and others. Colostrum also contains a number of growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors I (IGF-1), and II, transforming growth factors alpha, beta 1 and beta 2, fibroblast growth factors, epidermal growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage-stimulating growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor,〔 vascular endothelial growth factor, and colony-stimulating factor-1.
Colostrum is very rich in proteins, vitamin A, and sodium chloride, but contains lower amounts of carbohydrates, lipids, and potassium than mature milk. The most pertinent bioactive components in colostrum are growth factors and antimicrobial factors. The antibodies in colostrum provide passive immunity, while growth factors stimulate the development of the gut. They are passed to the neonate and provide the first protection against pathogens.
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