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Chromatography (; from Greek χρῶμα ''chroma'' which means "color" and γράφειν ''graphein'' "to write"〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=chromatography&allowed_in_frame=0 )〕) is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the ''mobile phase,'' which carries it through a structure holding another material called the ''stationary phase.'' The various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. The separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation. Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for more advanced use (and is thus a form of purification). Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two are not mutually exclusive. ==History== (詳細はMikhail Tsvet in 1900.〔The first report of Tsvet's discovery was published in 1905: * Tswett, M. S. (1905) "О новой категории адсорбционных явлений и о применении их к биохимическому анализу" (O novoy kategorii adsorbtsionnykh yavleny i o primenenii ikh k biokkhimicheskomu analizu" (On a new category of adsorption phenomena and on its application to biochemical analysis)), ''Труды Варшавского общества естествоиспытателей, отделении биологии'' (Trudy Varshavskago Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei, Otdelenie Biologii (Proceedings of the Warsaw Society of Naturalists (natural scientists ), Biology Section)), vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 20–39 (Note: Tsvet submitted his manuscript in 1903; however, it was not published until 1905.) The word "chromatogram" first appeared in print in 1906: * Mikhail Tswett (1906) ("Physikalisch-Chemische Studien über das Chlorophyll. Die Adsorption." ) (Physical-chemical studies of chlorophyll. Adsorption.) ''Berichte der Deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft'', vol. 24, pp. 316–326. On page 322, Tsvet coins the term "chromatography": ''Original'' : " Wie die Lichtstrahlen im Spektrum, so it is werden in der Calciumkarbonatsäule die verschiedenen Komponenten eines Farbstoffgemisches gesetzmässig auseindergelegt, und lassen sich darin qualitativ und auch quantitativ bestimmen. Ein solches Präparat nenne ich ein Chromatogramm und die entsprechende Methode, die chromatographische Methode." ''Translation'' : Like light rays in a spectrum, so the different components of a mixture of pigments are dispersed in the calcium carbonate column following a set pattern, and () can be determined in there qualitatively as well as quantitatively. I call such a preparation a "chromatogram" and the corresponding method, the "chromatographic method". * 〕 He continued to work with chromatography in the first decade of the 20th century, primarily for the separation of plant pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenes, and xanthophylls. Since these components have different colors (green, orange, and yellow, respectively) they gave the technique its name. New types of chromatography developed during the 1930s and 1940s made the technique useful for many separation processes. Chromatography technique developed substantially as a result of the work of Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s and 1950s. They established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several chromatographic methods: paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. Since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. Researchers found that the main principles of Tsvet's chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below. Advances are continually improving the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of increasingly similar molecules. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chromatography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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