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In linguistics, a causative (abbreviated ) is a valency-increasing operation〔Payne, Thomas E. (1997). ''Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 173–186.〕 that indicates that a subject causes someone or something else to do or be something, or causes a change in state of a non-volitional event. Prototypically, it brings in a new argument (the causer), A, into a transitive clause, with the original S becoming the O. All languages have ways to express causation but differ in the means. Most, if not all, languages have lexical causative forms (such as English ''rise'' → ''raise'', ''lie'' → ''lay'', ''sit'' → ''set''). Some languages also have morphological devices (such as inflection) that change verbs into their causative forms or adjectives into verbs of ''becoming''. Other languages employ periphrasis, with idiomatic expressions or auxiliary verbs. There tends to be a link between how "compact" a causative device is and its semantic meaning. It is to be noted that the prototypical English causative is ''make'' rather than ''cause''. Linguistic terms are traditionally given names with a Romance root, which has led some to believe that ''cause'' is more prototypical. While ''cause'' is a causative, it carries some lexical meaning (it implies direct causation) and is less common than ''make.'' Also, while most other English causative verbs require a ''to'' complement clause (for example, "My mom caused me to eat broccoli"), ''make'' does not for example, "My mom made me eat broccoli") at least when it is not being used in the passive. ==Terminology== Many authors have written extensively on causative constructions and have used a variety of terms, often to talk about the same things. S, A, and O are terms used in morphosyntactic alignment to describe arguments in a sentence. The subject of an intransitive verb is S, the agent of a transitive verb is A, and the object of a transitive is O. Note that these terms are technically not abbreviations (anymore) for "subject", "agent", and "object", though they can usually be thought of that way. Note that P is often used instead of O in many works. The term underlying is used to describe sentences, phrases, or words that correspond to their causative versions. Often, this underlying sentence may not be explicitly stated. For example, for the sentence "'John made Bill drive the truck'", the underlying sentence would be ''Bill drove the truck''. This has also been called the base situation.〔Lehmann, Christian (2013). “Latin causativization in typological perspective”. In Lenoble, Muriel & Longrée, Dominique (eds.) (forthcoming), ''Actes du 13ème Colloque International de Linguistique Latine''. Louvain: Peeters.〕 A derived sentence would be the causativized variant of the underlying sentence. The causer is the new argument in a causative expression that causes the action to be done. The causer is the new argument brought into a derived sentence. In the example sentence above, ''John'' is the causer. The causee is the argument that actually does the action in a causativized sentence. It is usually present in both the underlying and derived sentences. ''Bill'' is the causee in the above example. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「causative」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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