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Carioca ( or (:kɐɾiˈɔkɐ)) is a Brazilian noun or substantive used to refer anything related to the city of Rio de Janeiro—capital of the homonymous state (Rio de Janeiro)—in Brazil. The original word, "kara'i oka", comes from the indigenous Tupi language meaning "white man's house". It is said that the first Portuguese dwellings in Rio de Janeiro were placed along a limpid stream, which was soon adapted into Portuguese as ''Carioca''. The demonym meaning for the state of Rio de Janeiro is ''fluminense'', taken from the Latin word ''flumen'', meaning "river". So, for instance, someone from Niterói is both ''fluminense'' and ''niteroiense'', while someone from Rio de Janeiro is ''fluminense'', and also ''carioca''. While a "carioca" is someone who is from Rio de Janeiro, a "carioca da gema" (carioca from the yolk) means someone who was born in the central area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, mostly the neighbourhoods of "Zona Sul" (south zone) and "Centro" (downtown). The term was originally created out of prejudice 〔http://jornalggn.com.br/blog/joao/carioca-da-gema〕 against the "cariocas" from distant and poor neighbourhoods. On the other hand, those same victims of prejudice adopted the term to refer to someone born in Rio de Janeiro, but whose parents were necessarily also "carioca". In the same way, it conveys a bias against descendants of immigrants, mostly from the northeast of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is an ethnically diverse city by the standards of Western global cities. The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census numbers for Rio de Janeiro are: 8,576,000 White (53.6%), 5,376,000 Pardo (33.6%), 1,920,000 Black (12%) and 128,000 Asian or Indigenous (0.8%). The last PNAD census for the city of Rio de Janeiro is: 3,193,588 White (50.5%), 2,244,997 Pardo (35.5%), 809,463 Black (12,8%) and 75,887 Asian or Indigenous (1.2%). Like other Brazilians, ''cariocas'' speak Portuguese. The ''carioca'' accent and sociolect (also simply called "''carioca''", see below) are the most famous of Brazil, in part because Rede Globo, the second largest television network in the world, is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. Thus, a lot of Brazilian TV programs, from news and documentary to entertainment (such as the novelas), feature ''carioca'' acting and speaking talent. ==Accomplishments and influence== ''Carioca'' people have invented a few sports; the most famous is footvolley ''Cariocas'' are credited with creating the bossa nova dance. Famous ''cariocas'' in English language film include Brazilian "bombshell" Carmen Miranda (a Portuguese woman who grew up in Rio de Janeiro). An eponymous song from 1933, Carioca (song), has become a jazz standard. == Sociolect== The Portuguese spoken across the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, as well neighboring towns in Minas Gerais and in the city of Florianópolis, has similar features, little distinctive from each other, so that cities as Paraty, Resende, Campos dos Goytacazes, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Vila Velha and Linhares may be said to sport the same tone together with Rio de Janeiro, as they will hardly be perceived as strong regional variants by people from other parts of Brazil. The Brazilian Portuguese variant spoken in the city of Rio de Janeiro (and metropolitan area) is called ''carioca'', and it is called ''sotaque'' locally, a word literally translated as "accent". It can be said that Rio de Janeiro presents a sociolect inside the major ''fluminense-capixaba'' tone, as speakers inside the city may be easily recognizable more by their slang than the way the phonology of their speech, closer to the standard Brazilian Portuguese present in media than other variants. It is known for the first place of diffusion of several distinctive traits new to either variant (European or Brazilian) of the Portuguese language, most notably: # (for Brazilians) Coda and can be pronounced as palato-alveolar and , such as those of English, or alveolo-palatal and , such as those of Catalan. This trait is inherited from European Portuguese, and ''carioca'' shares it only with ''florianopolitano'' and some other ''fluminense'' accents. In the northern tones of Brazilian Portuguese, not all coda and become postalveolar – rhymes do not, for example. # (for Europeans) , as well what would be coda (that is, when not pre-vocalic) in European Portuguese, may be realized as various voiceless and voiced guttural-like sounds, most often latter ones (unlike in other parts of Brazil), and many or most of them can be part of the phonetic repertory of a single speaker. Among them the velar and uvular fricative pairs, as well both glottal transitions, the voiceless pharyngeal fricative and the uvular trill i.e. , (between vowels), , , , , and .〔Barbosa, Plínio A. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232〕〔http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/02/prioritizing-irrelevant.html〕 This diversity of allophones of a single rhotic phoneme is rare among not just Brazilian Portuguese, but also among major world languages. # (for both) Originally probably from Tupi influence,〔 (Dialects of Brazil: the palatalization of the phonemes /t/ and /d/ ). Aside of using the term "alveopalatal" thoroughly, page 27 sets it clear that Brazilian alveolo-palatal affricates are similar to but different from Italian palato-alveolar ones.〕 through the Portuguese post-creole that appeared in southeastern Brazil after the ban of língua geral paulista as a marker of Jesuit activity by the Marquis of Pombal (the Northeast had Nheengatu, another língua geral, too, but it had a greater native Portuguese speaker presence, had a greater contact with the colonial metropolis and was more densely populated), the consonants and before or final unstressed (, that in this position may be either raised to or deleted) become affricates (~ ) and (~ ) (again, as those of English or Catalan, depending on speaker), respectively. This is now common place in Brazilian Portuguese, as it spread with the ''bandeiras paulistas'', expansion of ''mineiros'' to the Center-West and mass media. It is not as universal in São Paulo, Espírito Santo and southern Brazil, even though those were populated mostly by the original bandeirantes (caboclos, formerly língua geral speakers) because the Europeans immigrants learning Portuguese and their descendants preferred more conservative registers of the language, perhaps as a mark of a separate social identity. # (for both) Historical ( in syllable coda), that merged with coda () in ''caipira'', had gone labialization to , and then vocalized to , ''e aê?'' and ''qualé/quaé/coé?'' (literally 'which is ()', carrying a meaning similar to 'What's up?'), and ''maneiro'' (cool, fine, interesting, amusing) and ''sinistro'' (in standard Portuguese, "sinister"; in slang, "awesome", "terrific", but also "terrible," "troublesome", "frightening", "weird"). Many of these slang words can be found in practically all of Brazil, due again to cultural influence from the city. Much slang from Rio de Janeiro spreads across Brazil and may be not known as originally from there, while those less culturally accepted elsewhere are sometimes used to shun not only the speech of a certain subculture, age group or social class, but the whole accent. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「carioca」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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