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Cabaletta describes the two-part musical form particularly favored for arias in 19th century Italian opera in the belcanto era up until about the 1850s during which it was one of the era's most important elements. More properly, cabaletta is the name of the more animated section following the songlike ''cantabile''.〔"Madamina, il catalogo è questo" is a rare example that reverses this order.〕 It often introduces a complication or intensification of emotion in the plot. Some sources suggest that the word derives from the Italian ''cobola'' (couplet).〔e.g. Apel 1962, p. 107 and Encyclopædia Britannica〕 Another theory suggests that it derives from the Italian ''cavallo'' (horse), a reference to the pulsating rhythm of a galloping horse which forms the accompaniment of many famous cabalettas.〔e.g. Fisher 2005, p. 126〕 The cabaletta was formed as part of an evolution from early 19th century arias containing two contrasting sections at different tempi within a single structure into more elaborate arias with musically distinct movements. The term itself was first defined in 1826 in Pietro Lichtenthal's ''Dizionario''.〔"Cabaletta, s.f. Pensieretto musicale melodico, o sia cantilena semplice atta a blandire l'orecchio, la quale mercè un ritmo ben distinto imprimesi agevolmente nell' animo dell'uditore, e che per la sua naturelezza viene facilmente ripetuta appena intesa, e degli orecchianti e dagl'intendenti." Pietro Lichtenthal, ''Dizionario e bibliografia della musica'' (Milano, 1826), vol. 1, 106–107.〕 It has a repetitive structure consisting of two stanzas followed by embellished variations. The cabaletta typically ends with a coda, often a very virtuosic one. Classic examples include "Non più mesta" from ''La Cenerentola'' by Rossini (1817), "Vien diletto, è in ciel la luna" from ''I puritani'' by Bellini (1835), and "Di quella pira" from Verdi's ''Il trovatore'' (1853). In later parlance, cabaletta came to refer to the fast final part of any operatic vocal ensemble, usually a duet, rather than just a solo aria. For example, the duet between Gilda and Rigoletto in Act 1, Scene 2 of ''Rigoletto'' ends with a relatively slow cabaletta, whereas the cabaletta for their duet in the finale of Act 2 is quite rousing. The cabaletta is often used to convey strong emotions: overwhelming happiness (Linda's famous cabaletta "O luce di quest anima" from Donizetti's ''Linda di Chamounix''), great sorrow (Lucia's "Spargi d'amaro pianto" from ''Lucia di Lammermoor''), or timeless love (Lindoro's short cabaletta from Rossini's ''L'italiana in Algeri''). Rossini wrote at least one or even more cabalettas for all major characters in his operas. For example, ''L'italiana in Algeri'' contains two cabalettas for Lindoro, three cabalettas for Isabella, one cabaletta for Mustafa, and one for Taddeo. If the final parts of the ensembles are included, the total is almost sixteen cabalettas. Giuseppe Verdi continued to adapt the cantabile–cabaletta formula to great emotional and dramatic effect, before largely abandoning it by 1860 as a solo piece.〔 A famous Verdian cabaletta appears in his 1853 ''La traviata'' in act 1. It follows Violetta's pensive "È strano! è strano...Ah fors'è lui" in which she considers that the man whom she has just met may be the one for her. But this leads by degrees to her resolve to remain "always free" in "Sempre libera", with its rapid and defiant pyrotechnics. ==References== Notes Sources *Apel, Willi (1962) (''Harvard Dictionary of Music'' ). Taylor & Francis *Budden, Julian (1998), "Cabaletta", in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'', Vol. One, pp. 665. London: MacMillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7 ISBN 1-56159-228-5 * Encyclopædia Britannica Online. ("cabaletta" ). britannica.com Retrieved 23 July 2011 *Fisher, Burton D. (2005). (''Mozart's Don Giovanni'' ). Opera Journeys Publishing. ISBN 0-9771320-1-3 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cabaletta」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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