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boredom
In conventional usage boredom is an emotional state experienced when an individual is left without anything in particular to do, and not interested in their surroundings. It is also understood by scholars not as a timeless personal emotion, but as a specifically modern phenomenon which has a cultural dimension. In her landmark ''Experience Without Qualities: Boredom and Modernity'', the scholar Elizabeth Goodstein traces the modern discourse on boredom through literary, philosophical, and sociological texts to find that as "a discursively articulated phenomenon...boredom is at once
objective and subjective, emotion and intellectualization — not just a response to the modern world but also an historically constituted strategy for coping with its discontents."〔Goodstein, Elizabeth S. 2005. Experience Without Qualities: Boredom and Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 3.〕 In both conceptions, boredom has to do fundamentally with an experience of time and problems of meaning. The first recorded use of the word ''boredom'' is in the novel ''Bleak House'' by Charles Dickens, written in 1852,〔Oxford Old English Dictionary〕 in which it appears six times, although the expression ''to be a bore'' had been used in print in the sense of "to be tiresome or dull" since 1768.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Etymology Dictionary )〕 The French term for boredom, ''ennui'', is sometimes used in English as well.
==Psychology==
Different scholars use different definitions of ''boredom'', which complicates research.〔Vodanovich, Stephen J. (November 2003) "Psychometric Measures of Boredom: A Review of the Literature" ''The Journal of Psychology''. 137:6 p. 569 "Indeed, a shortcoming of the boredom literature is the absence of a coherent, universally accepted definition. The lack of an agreed-upon definition of boredom has limited the measurement of the construct and partly accounts for the existence of diverse approaches to assessing various subsets of boredom."〕 Boredom has been defined by Cynthia D. Fisher in terms of its main central psychological processes: "an unpleasant, transient affective state in which the individual feels a pervasive lack of interest and difficulty concentrating on the current activity." Mark Leary et al. describe boredom as "an affective experience associated with cognitive attentional processes." In positive psychology, boredom is described as a response to a moderate challenge for which the subject has more than enough skill.〔Csikszentmihalyi, M., ''Finding Flow'', 1997〕
There are three types of boredom, all of which involve problems of engagement of attention. These include times when we are prevented from engaging in wanted activity, when we are forced to engage in unwanted activity, or when we are simply unable for no apparent reason to maintain engagement in any activity or spectacle. Boredom proneness is a tendency to experience boredom of all types. This is typically assessed by the Boredom Proneness Scale. Recent research has found that boredom proneness is clearly and consistently associated with failures of attention. Boredom and its proneness are both theoretically and empirically linked to depression and similar symptoms. Nonetheless, boredom proneness has been found to be as strongly correlated with attentional lapses as with depression.〔 Although boredom is often viewed as a trivial and mild irritant, proneness to boredom has been linked to a very diverse range of possible psychological, physical, educational, and social problems.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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