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borate
Borates are the name for a large number of boron-containing oxyanions. The term "borates" may also refer to tetrahedral boron anions, or more loosely to chemical compounds which contain borate anions of either description. Larger borates are composed of trigonal planar BO3 or tetrahedral BO4 structural units, joined together via shared oxygen atoms〔Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) ''Inorganic Chemistry'', Elsevier ISBN 0-12-352651-5〕 and may be cyclic or linear in structure. Boron most often occurs in nature as borates, such as borate minerals and borosilicates.
==Structures==
The simplest borate anion, the orthoborate ion, BO33− is known in the solid state, for example in Ca3(BO3)2. In this it adopts a near trigonal planar structure. It is a structural analogue of the carbonate anion CO32−, with which it is isoelectronic. Simple bonding theories point to the trigonal planar structure. In terms of valence bond theory the bonds are formed by using sp2 hybrid orbitals on boron. Some compounds termed orthoborates do not necessarily contain the trigonal planar ion, for example gadolinium orthoborate, GdBO3 contains the polyborate (B3O9)9− ion, whereas the high temperature form contains planar BO33−
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