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bestiarii
Among Ancient Romans, ''bestiarii'' (singular ''bestiarius'') were those who went into combat with beasts, or were exposed to them. It is conventional〔(Entry on Bestiarii ) at Chambers, Ephraim, ''Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', c. 1680-1740〕 to distinguish two categories of ''bestiarii'': the first were those condemned to death via the beasts (see ''damnatio ad bestias'') and the second were those who faced them voluntarily, for pay or glory (see ''venatio'').〔William Smith, ("Bestiarii" ) from ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', John Murray: London, 1875. Public domain.〕 The latter are sometimes erroneously called ''gladiators''; to their contemporaries, however, the term ''gladiator'' referred specifically to one who fought other men. The contemporary term for those who made a career out of participating in arena "hunts" was venatores.
== As a form of execution ==
As a means of torturous capital punishment, death by wild beasts was a punishment for enemies of the state,〔(The Bestiarius and the Ludus Matutinus )〕 a category which included those taken prisoner and slaves found guilty of a serious crime. These were sent to their deaths naked and unable to defend themselves against the beasts. Even if they succeeded in killing one, fresh animals were continually let loose on them, until the ''bestiarii'' were all dead. It is reported that it was seldom necessary for two beasts to be required to take down one man. On the contrary, one beast frequently dispatched several men. Cicero mentions a single lion which alone dispatched 200 ''bestiarii''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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