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baritone
A baritone〔Or barytone, although this spelling is essentially archaic and little-used since the 1920s.〕 is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice types. It is the most common male voice.〔''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia''. ("Baritone" ). Merriam-Webster (2000) p. 142. ISBN 0-87779-017-5〕 Originally from the Greek , meaning ''deep (or heavy) sounding'', music for this voice is typically written in the range from the second F below middle C to the F above middle C (i.e. F2–F4) in choral music, and from the second A below middle C to the A above middle C (A2 to A4) in operatic music, but can be extended at either end. The baritone voice type is generally divided into the baryton-Martin baritone (light baritone), lyric baritone, ''Kavalierbariton'', Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, ''baryton-noble'' baritone, and the bass-baritone.
== History ==
The first use of the term "baritone" emerged as ''baritonans'', late in the 15th century,〔Franchino Gaffurio, (Practica musicae, liber tertius ), 1496〕 usually in French sacred polyphonic music. At this early stage it was frequently used as the lowest of the voices (including the bass), but in 17th-century Italy the term was all-encompassing and used to describe the average male choral voice.
Baritones took roughly the range we know today at the beginning of the 18th century, but they were still lumped in with their bass colleagues until well into the 19th century. Indeed, many operatic works of the 18th century have roles marked as bass that in reality are low baritone roles (or bass-baritone parts in modern parlance). Examples of this are to be found, for instance, in the operas and oratorios of George Frideric Handel. The greatest and most enduring parts for baritones in 18th-century operatic music were composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. They include Count Almaviva in ''The Marriage of Figaro'', Guglielmo in ''Così fan tutte'', Papageno in ''The Magic Flute'' and the lead in ''Don Giovanni''.〔Owen Jander, J. B. Steane, Elizabeth Forbes, Ellen T. Harris, and Gerald Waldman, 'Baritone (i)', in Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (eds.), ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', 2nd edition, Macmillan, 2001. ISBN 0-333-60800-3. This work is the main reference for the history section of this article.〕
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