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alternator
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature.〔Gordon R. Selmon, ''Magnetoelectric Devices'', John Wiley and Sons, 1966 no ISBN pp. 391-393〕 Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating armature with a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. An alternator that uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is called a magneto. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators. Large 50 or 60 Hz three phase alternators in power plants generate most of the world's electric power, which is distributed by electric power grids.
==History==
Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from the discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current in the 1830s. The early machines were developed by pioneers such as Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii.
Faraday developed the "rotating rectangle", whose operation was ''heteropolar'' - each active conductor passed successively through regions where the magnetic field was in opposite directions.〔Thompson, Sylvanus P., ''Dynamo-Electric Machinery''. p. 7.〕 William Stanley, Jr. demonstrated the first practical system for providing electric illumination with the use of alternating current in 1886. Both DC generators and the "alternator system" were used from the 1870s on.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Generators )〕 Large two-phase alternating current generators were built by a British electrician, J.E.H. Gordon, in 1882. Lord Kelvin and Sebastian Ferranti also developed early alternators, producing frequencies between 100 and 300 Hz. After 1891, polyphase alternators were introduced to supply currents of multiple differing phases.〔Thompson, Sylvanus P., ''Dynamo-Electric Machinery''. pp. 17〕 Later alternators were designed for various alternating-current frequencies between sixteen and about one hundred hertz, for use with arc lighting, incandescent lighting and electric motors.〔Thompson, Sylvanus P., ''Dynamo-Electric Machinery''. pp. 16〕 Specialized radio frequency alternators like the Alexanderson alternator were developed as longwave radio transmitters around World War 1 and used in a few high power wireless telegraphy stations before vacuum tube transmitters replaced them.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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