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allophone
In phonology, an allophone (; from the (ギリシア語:ἄλλος), ''állos'', "other" and φωνή, ''phōnē'', "voice, sound") is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or ''phones'') or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, (as in ''pin'') and (as in ''spin'') are allophones for the phoneme in the English language. The specific allophone selected in a given situation is often predictable from the phonetic context (such allophones are called positional variants), but sometimes allophones occur in free variation. Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme will usually not change the meaning of a word, although sometimes the result may sound non-native or even unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language usually perceive one phoneme in that language as a single distinctive sound, and are "''both unaware of and even shocked by''" the allophone variations used to pronounce single phonemes.
==History of concept==
The term "allophone" was coined by Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s. In doing so, he placed a cornerstone in consolidating early phoneme theory. The term was popularized by G. L. Trager and Bernard Bloch in a 1941 paper on English phonology and went on to become part of standard usage within the American structuralist tradition.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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