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airplane
An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.
The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".〔(FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality ) posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.〕 They built on the works of Sir George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders).〔("Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007." ) ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.〕 Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to at least 2013.
==Etymology and usage==
First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the Greek ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"〔(ἀήρ ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕 and either Latin ''planus'', "level",〔("aeroplane" ), Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.〕 or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".〔(πλάνος ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕〔(aeroplane ), Oxford Dictionaries〕 "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a plane moving through the air.〔("aeroplane ), Oxford English Dictionary online.〕 In an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft.
In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and most of the Commonwealth, the term "aeroplane" is usually applied to these aircraft.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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