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acetone : ウィキペディア英語版
acetone

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: ''This is about the chemical compound. For the band, see Acetone (band).''
Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone.
Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. About 6.7 million tonnes were produced worldwide in 2010, mainly for use as a solvent and production of methyl methacrylate and bisphenol A.〔(Acetone ), World Petrochemicals report, January 2010〕〔Stylianos Sifniades, Alan B. Levy, "Acetone" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.〕 It is a common building block in organic chemistry. Familiar household uses of acetone are as the active ingredient in nail polish remover and as paint thinner.
Acetone is produced and disposed of in the human body through normal metabolic processes. It is normally present in blood and urine. People with diabetes produce it in larger amounts. Reproductive toxicity tests show that it has low potential to cause reproductive problems. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and children have higher levels of acetone.〔American Chemistry Council, Acetone VCCEP Submission, September 10, 2003, page 9〕 Ketogenic diets that increase acetone in the body are used to counter epileptic attacks in infants and children who suffer from recalcitrant refractory epilepsy.
==History==
Acetone was first produced by alchemists during the late Middle Ages via the dry distillation of metal acetates (e.g., lead acetate, which produced "spirit of Saturn" (since the alchemical symbol for lead was also the astrological symbol for the planet Saturn)).〔Mel Gorman and Charles Doering (1959) "History of the structure of acetone," ''Chymia'', 5 : 202-208.〕 In 1832, French chemist Jean Baptiste Dumas and German chemist Justus von Liebig determined the empirical formula for acetone.〔See:
* J. Dumas (1832) ("Sur l'esprit pyro-acétique" ) (On pyro-acetic spirit), ''Annales de Chimie et de Physique'', 2nd series, 49 : 208-210.
* Justus Liebig (1832) ("Sur les combinaisons produites par l'action du gas oléfiant et l'esprit acétique" ) (On compounds produced by the action of ethylene and acetic spirit), ''Annales de Chimie et de Physique'', 2nd series, 49 : 146-204 ; see especially pp. 193-204.〕 In 1833, the French chemist Antoine Bussy named acetone by adding the suffix ''-one'' to the stem of the corresponding acid (viz, acetic acid).〔Antoine Bussy (1833) ("De quelques Produits nouveaux obtenus par l’action des Alcalis sur les Corps gras à une haute température" ) (On some new products obtained by the action of alkalies on fatty substances at a high temperature), ''Annales de Chimie et de Physique'', 2nd series, 53 : 398–412 ; see (footnote on p. 409 ), continued from p. 408.〕 By 1852, English chemist Alexander William Williamson realized that acetone was methyl acetyl;〔A. W. Williamson (1852) ("On Etherification," ) ''Journal of the Chemical Society'', 4 : 229-239 ; see especially pp. 237-239.〕 the following year, the French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt concurred.〔Charles Gerhardt (1853) "Researches sur les acids organiques anhydres" (Research on anhydrous organic acids), ''Annales de Chimie et de Physique'', 3rd series, 37 : 285- 342 ; (see p. 339. )〕 In 1865, the German chemist August Kekulé published the modern structural formula for acetone.〔See:
* Auguste Kekulé (1865) ("Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques," ) ''Bulletin de la Société chimique de Paris'', 1 : 98-110 ; (see especially p. 110. )
* Auguste Kekulé (1866) "Untersuchungen über aromatischen Verbindungen" (Investigations into aromatic compounds), ''Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie'', 137 : 129-196 ; (see especially pp. 143-144. )
* Note: Johann Josef Loschmidt had presented the structure of acetone in 1861, but his privately published booklet received little attention. See: J. Loschmidt, (''Chemische Studien'' ) (Vienna, Austria-Hungary: Carl Gerold's Sohn, 1861).〕

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