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World-system
A world-system is a socioeconomic system that encompasses part or all of the globe. World-systems are usually larger than single countries (nations), but do not have to be global. Several world-systems can coexist, provided that they have little or no interaction with one another. Where such interactions becomes significant, separate world-systems merge into a new, larger world-system. Through the process of globalization, the modern world has reached the state of one dominant world-system, but in human history there have been periods where separate world-systems existed simultaneously, according to Janet Abu-Lughod. The most well-known version of the world-system approach has been developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. A world-system is a crucial element of the world-system theory, a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change.
==Characteristics==
World-system refers to the international division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries and the periphery countries.〔Carlos A. Martínez-Vela, (World Systems Theory ), paper prepared for the (Research Seminar in Engineering Systems ), November 2003〕〔Thomas Barfield, ''The dictionary of anthropology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, ISBN 1-57718-057-7, (is" hyphen&f=false Google Print, p.498-499 )〕 Resources are redistributed from the underdeveloped, typically raw materials-exporting, poor part of the world (the periphery) to developed, industrialized core.
World-system also has four temporal features. ''Cyclical rhythms'' represent the short-term fluctuation of economy, while ''secular trends'' mean deeper long run tendencies, such as general economic growth or decline.〔 The term ''contradiction'' means a general controversy in the system, usually concerning some short term vs. long term trade-offs. For example, the problem of underconsumption, wherein the drive-down of wages increases the profit for the capitalists on the short-run, but considering the long run, the decreasing of wages may have a crucially harmful effect by reducing the demand for the product. The last temporal feature is the ''crisis'': a crisis occurs, if a constellation of circumstances brings about the end of the system.
The world-systems theory stresses that world-systems (and not nation states) should be the basic unit of social analysis.〔〔Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), [http://www.uop.edu.jo/download/PdfCourses/SA/E6-94-01.pdf WORLD-SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, in World System History , [Ed. George Modelski], in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford ,UK〕 Thus we should focus not on individual states, but on the relations between their groupings (core, semi-periphery, and periphery).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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