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Whadjuk, also called Wadjuk, Whajook, Wajuk and Wadjug, is the name of the Noongar dialectical group inhabiting the Western Australian region of the Perth bioregion of the Swan Coastal Plain, and extending below Walyunga into the surrounding Jarrah Forests according to Norman Tindale.〔(Tindale, Norman (1930) "Aboriginal Tribal Boundaries" ) (Museum of South Australia)〕 The etymology is unknown but it has been suggested that it may come from Wirtj, meaning "those who went before" (i.e. ancestral ones), and implied that Tindale's informants considered all Whadjuk people were dead. The boundaries of this region are the watershed division north of Yanchep between the Swan-Avon and the Moore Rivers, in the north, the Walyunga-Gidgegannup (from Gidgie = spear, gan- = make, -up = place) region to the north east, the Canning River catchment to the south east, to the coast at Port Kennedy. The boundaries as outlined by Tindale are still disputed by elders in the community today.〔()〕 Within this region is Cottesloe, Karrakatta, Bassendean sand dune systems and intervening wetlands, extending out to the fertile loams of the Guildford area, and the Darling Scarp to the edge of the Wandoo region, inhabited by the Balardong people to the east. To the north, according to Tindale is the land of the Juat, Yued or Yuat, and to the south, the Pindjarup or Pinjareb peoples. ==Culture and pre-history== The Whadjuk formed part of the Noongar language group, with their own distinctive dialect. Culturally they were divided into two matrilineal moieties:〔Bates, Daisy (1938) "The Passing of the Aborigines" (Albermerle Street, London)〕 ''Wardungmaat'', from ''wardung'' ("crow", that is, the Australian raven, ''Corvus coronoides'') and ''maat'' ("lineage"; literally "leg") and; ''Manitjmaat'', from ''manitj'' ("sulphur-crested cockatoo, ''Cacatua galerita''") and ''maat''. Moieties were endogamous, and children took the moiety of their mother. Each moiety also contained two "sections" (or "skins"): in the case of the '' Manitjmaat'' these were ''Ballarok'' and ''Tondarup'' and for the ''Wardungmaat'', they were ''Ngotak'' and ''Naganyuk''. The length of Whadjuk settlement of this area should not be underestimated. Finds associated with this group in the Guildford region show continuous settlement going back at least 35,000 years,〔Jarvis, NT (Ed)(1979), "Western Australia — An atlas of human endeavour 1829-1979" (Western Australian Government by Government Printer)〕 while stone tools recently found on Wadjemup, or Rottnest Island, have been estimated at 70,000 years old. The Whadjuk also preserved many stories of the Wagyl, a water-python held to be responsible for most of the water features around Perth. Coastal dwelling Whadjuk have an oral tradition describing the separation of Rottnest from the mainland, which occurred between 10,000–6,000 BCE, technically a post-glacial Flandrian transgression.〔The early British settler and diarist George Fletcher Moore wrote an account of this tradition: Fletcher Moore George, 1892, ''A descriptive vocabulary of the language in common use amongst the aborigines of Western Australia: embodying much interesting information regarding the habits, manners, and customs of the natives and the natural history of the country'', London, Wm S. Orr & Co.; p11.〕 Like other Noongar peoples, the Whadjuk seem to have moved more inland in the wetter weather of winter, returning to the coast as interior seasonal lakes dried up.〔Green, Neville (1984) "Broken spears — Aborigines and Europeans in the South West of Australia" (Focus Educational Press, Perth)〕〔Hallam, Syvlia (1986) "Aboriginal Resource Usage along the Swan River" (Swan River Symposium, WAIT)〕 The Whadjuk, like many Noongar people divided the year into six seasons.〔 * ''Birak'': November to December, was the “fruiting”, characterised by the onset of hot, easterly winds which blow during the day. Noongar people used to burn mosaic sections of scrubland through firestick farming to force animals into the open to hunt, and to open the canopy and allow the few November rains to increase germination of summer foodstuffs and marsupial grazing. This was the season of harvesting wattle seeds which were pounded into flour and stored as damper. * ''Bunuru'': January to February, was the “hot-dry”, characterised by hot dry easterly conditions with afternoon sea-breezes, known locally in Western Australia as the Fremantle doctor. To maximise the effects of these cooling breezes, the Noongars moved to coastal estuaries and reefs where fish and abalone (''Haliotis roei'') constituted a large proportion of the seasonal diet. Mallee fowl eggs from tuart forests also formed a part of the diet. * ''Djeran'': March to April, was “first rains-first dew”, with the weather was becoming cooler with winds from the south west. Fishing continued (often caught in fish traps) and zamia palm (Noongar = ''djiriji'', ''Macrozamia ridlei'') ''cycad'' nuts (Noongar = ''buyu''), (nardoo, ''Marsilia quadrifolia'') bulbs and other seeds were collected for food. Zamia palm, which is naturally highly poisonous, was prepared in a fashion which removed its toxicity. Burrowing frogs (''kooyar'', ''Heleioporus eyrei'') were caught in large numbers with the opening rains of winter. * ''Makuru'': from May to June, was "the wet”, and Noongars moved inland from the coast to the Darling Scarp to hunt ''yongka'', grey kangaroo (''Macropus fuliginosus'') and tammar (''Macropus eugenii'') once rains had replenished inland water resources. This was the season of mid-latitude cold frontal rains. Noongar ''gnow'' (or malleefowl (''Leipoa ocellata'')) were also caught. * ''Djilba'': from July to August, was “the cold-wet” saw Noongar groups moving to the drier soils of the Guildford and Canning-Kelmscott areas, where roots were collected and emus (Noongar = ''wej'') (''Dromaius novaehollandiae''), ringtail possums (Noongar = ''goomal'') (''Psudocheirus occidentalis'') and kangaroo were hunted. * ''Kambarang'': from September to October, was “the flowering” at the height of the wildflower season. This time saw rain decreasing. Families moved towards the coast where frogs, tortoises and freshwater crayfish or gilgies (''Cherax quinquecarinatus'') and blue marron, (Noongar = ''marrin ''(from ''marr'' = "hand", ''Cherax tenuimanus'')) were caught. Birds returning from their Northern Hemisphere migration also formed a part of their diet. These seasons were roughly divided (rather than by specific date) and Whadjuk took account of environmental signals such as the spring call of the motorbike frog (green tree frog (''Litoria moorei'')) (), in marking seasons. For example, the onset of Kambarang, or the flowering of the Western Australian Christmas tree (''Nuytsia floribunda'' () showing the onset of Bunuru. Whadjuk used high quality ''wilgi'' (red ochre) in ceremonies, which they obtained through trade with peoples to the east.〔 In pre-contact times it was used to colour hair, which was worn long (in a style similar to "dreadlocks"). Among indigenous groups that practised initiatory circumcision, the territory of the Whadjuk was known as "The Land of the Boys". Quartz from the Darling Scarp was also traded with Balardong groups for the making of spears. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Whadjuk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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