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Vitrification
Vitrification (from Latin ''vitreum'', "glass" via French ''vitrifier'') is the transformation of a substance into a glass.〔A.K. Varshneya. Fundamentals of inorganic glasses. Sheffield: Society of Glass Technology, 2006.〕 In ceramics it is the impermeability to water.〔Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. ''Dictionary of Ceramics''; 3rd edition. The Institute of Minerals, 1994.〕
==Description==
Vitrification is characteristic for amorphous materials or disordered systems and occurs when bonding between elementary particles (atoms, molecules, forming blocks) becomes higher than a certain threshold value.〔M.I. Ojovan, W.E. Lee. Connectivity and glass transition in disordered oxide systems J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 356, 2534-2540 (2010).〕 Thermal fluctuations break the bonds; therefore, the lower the temperature, the higher the degree of connectivity. Because of that amorphous materials have a characteristic threshold temperature termed glass transition temperature (Tg): below Tg amorphous materials are glassy whereas above Tg they are molten.
Usually, it is achieved by rapidly cooling a liquid through the glass transition. Certain chemical reactions also result in glasses. An important application is the vitrification of an antifreeze-like liquid in cryopreservation.
In a wider sense, the embedding of material in a glassy matrix is also called ''vitrification''. An important application is the vitrification of radioactive waste to obtain a stable compound that is suitable for ultimate disposal.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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