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"Vexilloid" is a term used tenuously to describe vexillary (flag-like) objects used by countries, organizations, or individuals as a form of representation other than flags. Coined by Whitney Smith in 1958, he defined a vexilloid as: The strictest definition specified in the ultimate sentence describes a vexillum. In a broader sense (that is, taking only Smith's first sentence into account), "vexilloid" can be used of any banner (vexillary object) which is not a flag. Thus it includes vexilla, banderoles, pennons, streamers, standards, and gonfalons. The first most primitive proto-vexilloids in pre-historic times, and the precursors of all later vexilloids and, after that, flags, may have been simply pieces of cloth dipped in the blood of a defeated enemy.〔.〕 The use of flags replaced the use of vexilloids for general purposes during late medieval times between about 1100 CE to about 1400 CE, however vexilloids still remain in use for specialized purposes such as for some military units or to symbolize various organizations such as fraternal organization in street parades. ==Vexilloids of ancient empires== * The Achaemenid Empire used a stylized falcon on its vexilloid, which is pictured at right. * The vexilloid of Alexander the Great's Macedonian Empire displayed the Vergina Sun, shown at right. * The symbol of the Mauryan Empire was the Ashoka Chakra. * The vexilloid of Carthage most probably consisted of a spear with a disk and crescent (points upwards), symbolizing the god Baal (sun = disk) and the goddess Tanit (moon = crescent).〔(Vexilloid of the Carthaginian Empire: )〕 * The vexillum of Ancient Rome, shown at the top right of this article, displayed the slogan S·P·Q·R (''senātus populusque Rōmānus''), "the Senate and the Roman people," in gold on a field of crimson. * The Sassanian Empire, which is called ''Eran Shahr'' (''Aryan Empire'') in Middle Persian,〔Wiesehofer, Joseph ''Ancient Persia'' New York:1996 I.B. Tauris〕 used a symbol similar to the sun cross on its vexilloid, which is called the Derafsh Kaviani.〔(Website honoring Dr. Kourosh Aryamanesh—Depicts images of the Derafsh Kaviani: )〕〔(Image of the Derafsh Kaviani: )〕 * The tugh of Central Asian and Turkic peoples of the pre-Ottoman and Ottoman periods. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vexilloid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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