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Tukar
Tukar (Serer : A Tukaar,〔Gravrand, Henry, ''La civilisation sereer,'' vol. II : ''Pangool'', Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1990, p 474, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1〕 other variations : ''Toukar'' or ''Toucar'') a large village in Senegal. Attached to the rural community of Ngayokhem, it is located in the area of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Sine, west of Senegal. The population is overrun by the Serers. As of 2006 to 2007, the population was estimated at 3000.〔 Dennis Galvan, « The social reproduction of community-based development: syncretism and sustainability in a Senegalese farmers' association », in ''Journal of Modern African Studies'' (Cambridge), 2006, 45, I, 2007, p. 62-63 ()〕 Ndokh, which was a colony of Tukar, is now a separate village.〔 Bressers, Hans, & Rosenbaum, Walter A., ''Achieving sustainable development: the challenge of governance across social scales'', Praeger, Westport (Conn.), Londo, 2003, p. 157 ISBN 0275978028〕〔 Galvan, Dennis, ''The State must be our master of fire : how peasants craft culturally sustainable development in Senegal'', University of California Press, Berkeley (Calif.), London, 2004, p. 191 ISBN 0520235916〕
==History==
According to Serer tradition Tukar was founded by Lamane Jegan Joof (French spelling in Senegal: Lamane Djigan Diouf).〔 Bressers & Rosenbaum, ''Achieving sustainable development'', ''op. cit.'', p. 151〕 There are various versions of the tradition, but the basic story has a hero-migrant, Jegan Joof migrating from Lambaye looking for land to exploit. When he arrived at Tukar, it was nothing more than an inhospitable forest. In accordance with the complex land law system of the Serer people, he was the one who cleared the fields and founded Tukar. His paternal descendants (the Joof family) reigned there for several centuries.〔 Galvan, ''The State must be our master of fire'', ''op. cit.'', p. 108-111〕〔 Galvan, Dennis, « The market meets sacred fire: land pawning as institutional syncretism in inter-war Senegal », in ''African economic history'' (University of Wisconsin, Madison), vol. 25, 1997, p. 9-41〕〔 Bressers & Rosenbaum, ''Achieving sustainable development'', ''op. cit.'', p. 151, 157〕〔 Gravrand, Henry, ''La Civilisation Sereer'', vol. 1, ''Cosaan : les origines'', Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar ; Présence africaine, Paris, 1983, p. 166-169 ISBN 2-7236-0877-8〕
In 1937, Biram Diouf (English spelling in the Gambia: Biram Joof〔Joof is the English spelling in the Gambia, a former British colony. Diouf is the French spelling in Senegal, a former French colony. They are the same Serer ethnic group and pronounced the same way in the Serer language. Difference in spelling is due to colonization, with Britain taking Gambia and France taking Senegal. The demacation of these two countries was a result of colonisation. Their surname is spelled ''Juuf'' or ''Juf'' in Serer language, see Joof family.〕), a descendant of Lamane Jegan Joof, was short of money and decided to pawn his family's estate (a form of mortgage known in the Serer language as ''taile'') to Waly Sene, the Jaraff of Tukar (representative of the local king). The Joof family of Tukar almost lost their ancestral land. It took 50 years for a great-grandson of Biram Diouf called Djignak Diouf to eventually repay the descendants of Waly Sene and reclaimed his family's estate.〔 Galvan, ''The State must be our master of fire'', ''op. cit.'', p. 104〕
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