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|Section2= }} Trigonelline is an alkaloid with chemical formula 772. It is a zwitterion formed by the methylation of the nitrogen atom of niacin (vitamin B3). Trigonelline is a product of niacin metabolism that is excreted in urine.〔''Merck Index'', 11th Edition, 9606.〕 Trigonelline occurs in many plants. It has been isolated from fenugreek seeds (''Trigonella foenum-graecum'', hence the name),〔Jahns, ''Ber.,'' 1885, 18, 2518.〕 garden peas, hemp seed, oats,〔Schulze and Frankfurt, ''Ber.,'' 1894, 27, 709.〕 potatoes, ''Stachys'' species, dahlia,〔Schulze and Trier, ''Zeit. physiol. Chem.,'' 1912, 76, 258.〕 ''Strophanthus'' species〔Thoms, ''Ber.,'' 1891, 31, 271, 404.〕 and ''Dichapetalum cymosum''.〔Rimington, ''Onderstepoort J.,'' 1935, 5, 81.〕 Holtz, Kutscher and Theilmann have recorded its presence in a number of animals.〔''Zeit. Biol.,'' 1924, 81, 57.〕 Trigonelline is also found in coffee.〔Gorter, ''Annalen,'' 1910, 372, 237; ''cf.'' Polstorff, ''Chem. Soc. Abstr.,'' 1910, ii, 234; Palladino, ''ibid,'' 1894, ii, 214; 1895, i, 629; Graf, ''ibid,'' 1904, i, 915; Nottbohm and Mayer, ''Zeit. Unters. Lebensmitt.,'' 1931, 61, 429.〕 Higher levels of trigonelline is found in arabica coffee. Trigonelline crystallizes as a monohydrate from alcohol in hygroscopic prisms (m.p. 130 °C or 218 °C (dec.'' )). It is readily soluble in water or warm alcohol, less so in cold alcohol, and slightly so in chloroform or ether. The salts crystallize well, the monohydrochloride, in leaflets, sparingly soluble in dry alcohol. The picrate forms shining prisms (m.p. 198−200 °C) soluble in water but sparingly soluble in dry alcohol or ether. The alkaloid forms several aurichlorides: the normal salt, B•HCl•AuCl3, is precipitated when excess of gold chloride is added to the hydrochloride, and after crystallization from dilute hydrochloric acid containing some gold chloride, has m.p. 198 °C. Crystallized from water or very dilute hydrochloric acid, slender needles of B4•3 HAuCl4 (m.p. 186 °C) are obtained. When trigonelline is heated in closed tubes with barium hydroxide at 120 C, it gives rise to methylamine, and if treated similarly with hydrochloric acid at 260 C creates methyl chloride and nicotinic acid (a form of vitamin B3). Trigonelline is a methyl betaine of nicotinic acid.〔http://library.sciencemadness.org/library/books/the_plant_alkaloids.pdf〕 == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trigonelline」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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