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The tomtit (''Petroica macrocephala'') is a small passerine bird in the family Petroicidae, the Australian robins. It is endemic to the islands of New Zealand, ranging across the main islands as well as several of the outlying islands. It has several other English names as well. There are several sub-species showing considerable variation in plumage and size. The species is not threatened and has adapted to the changes made to New Zealand's biodiversity. ==Taxonomy and evolution== The tomtit is one of four species of the genus ''Petroica'' found in New Zealand, the ancestors of which having colonised from Australia. The species was once thought to have been descended from the scarlet robin,〔C.A. Fleming, (1950) New Zealand flycatchers of the genus ''Petroica Swainson'' (Aves), Parts I and II, ''Trans. Roy. Soc. NZ'' 78, pp. 14–47 126–160.〕 although more recent research has questioned this. It seems likely that there were two colonisation events, with the North Island robin and the South Island robin descended from one event and the black robin and tomtit from another.〔Miller, Hilary C. & Lambert, David M. (2006): A molecular phylogeny of New Zealand’s Petroica (Aves: Petroicidae) species based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 40(3): 844-855.〕 There are five subspecies of the tomtit, each species being restricted to each of the following islands or island groups, North Island, South Island, the Snares Islands, the Chatham Islands and the Auckland Islands. Four of these five subspecies have been elevated to full species in the past (the Chatham subspecies was retained with the South Island tomtit),〔R.N. Holdaway, T.H. Worthy and A.J.D. Tennyson,(2001) "A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact/" ''NZ J. Zool.'' 28: pp. 119–187〕 but genetic studies have shown that these subspecies diverged relatively recently.〔 The Māori name of the North Island tomtit is miromiro, while the South Island tomtit is known as ngirungiru. *North Island tomtit ''P. m. toitoi'' *South Island tomtit ''P. m. macrocephala'' *Chatham tomtit ''P. m. chathamensis'' *Auckland tomtit ''P. m. marrineri'' *Snares tomtit ''P. m. dannefaerdi'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tomtit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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