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A tipi〔 (also tepee〔(tepee ) (dwelling) -- Encyclopedia Britannica〕 or teepee〔(Teepee ), en.wiktionary.org (last visited August 25, 2013).〕〔"(teepee )". www.dict.org.(last visited August 25, 2013).〕) is a conical tent, traditionally made of animal skins upon wooden poles. A tipi is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure.〔Holley, Linda A. ''Tipis-Tepees-Teepees: History and Design of the Cloth Tipi.''〕〔The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, Volume 24. Edited by Stephen Denison Peet. (p253 )〕〔History of Dakota Territory, Volume 1. By George Washington Kingsbury. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1915. (p147 )〕 Historically, the tipi was designed and largely used by Indigenous people of the Plains in the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies of North America.〔The People of Tipi Sapa (the Dakotas): Tipi Sapa Mitaoyate Kin. By Sarah Emilia Olden. Morehouse Publishing Company, 1918. (p25 )〕〔Guide to the museum, first floor. By Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 1922. (p105 )〕〔Geological Survey Professional Paper, Volume 670. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. (p21 )〕 Tipi lodges are still in use by these peoples, though now primarily for ceremonial purposes. Tipis are stereotypically and incorrectly associated with all Native Americans in the United States and Aboriginal people in Canada, despite their usage being unique to the peoples of the Plains. Native American tribes and First Nation band governments from other regions have used other types of dwellings.〔Lewis H. Morgan, ()" seen it in use among seven or eight Dakota sub-tribes, among the Iowas, Otoes, and Pawnees, and among the Black-feet, Crows, Assiniboines, and Crees. In 1878, I saw it in use among the Utes of Colorado. A collection of fifty of these tents, which would accommodate five hundred persons, make a picturesque appearance. Under the name of the "Sibley tent" it is now in use, with some modifications of plan, in the United States Army, for service on the plains. A Syibley tent has one pole in the center and no flaps for guiding the smoke from the centeral fire. " (Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. iv., p. 114.)〕 The tipi is durable,〔Annual Reports, Volume 17, Part 1. 1898. (p405 )〕 provides warmth and comfort in winter,〔"(Shelter )". Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Volumes 5-6. Published by order of the trustees, 1910. (p115 )〕 is cool in the heat of summer,〔With the sides raised up; As seen in: Anthropological papers. 1917. (p211 )〕 and is dry during heavy rains.〔The tipi: a center of native American life. By David Yue, Charlotte Yue. 1984. p15.〕〔Camping and Camp Outfits: A Manual of Instruction for Young and Old Sportsmen. By George O. Shields. Rand, McNally, 1890. (p43 )〕 Tipis can be disassembled and packed away quickly when people need to relocate and can be reconstructed quickly upon settling in a new area.〔The North-Americans of yesterday. By Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1900. (p204 )〕〔Lewis H. Morgan, "(Houses and House Life of the American Aborigines )," Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. iv., p. 114.〕〔Lewis H. Morgan notes the Dakota call their skin tents, "wii-ka-yo". The following is an extract of his text: "When first discovered the Dakotas lived in houses constructed with a frame of poles and covered with bark, each of which was large enough for several families. They dwelt principally in villages in their original area on the head-waters of the Mississippi, the present State of Minnesota. Forced upon the plains by an advancing white population, but after they had become possessed of horses, they invented a skin tent eminently adapted to their present nomadic condition. It is superior to any other in use among the American aborigines from its roominess, its portable character, and the facility with which it can be erected and struck. "()" When the tent is struck, the poles are attached to a horse, half on each side, like thills, secured to the horse's neck at one end, and the other dragging on the ground. The skin-covering and other camp-equipage are packed upon other horses and even upon their dogs, and are thus transported from place to place on the plains. This tent is so well adapted to their mode of life that it has spread far and wide among the Indian tribes of the prairie region." (Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. iv., p. 114.)〕 Historically, this portability was important to Plains Indians with their at times nomadic lifestyle.〔(North American Indians of the Plains ). By Clark Wissler. American Museum of Natural History, 1920.〕 == Etymology and nomenclature == The word ''tipi'' comes into English from the Lakota language. The Lakota word ''thípi'' means "a dwelling" or "they dwell", from the verb ''thí'', meaning "to dwell". The wigwam, a shelter typically made of bark layered on a pole-structure, was also used by various tribes, especially for hunting camps.〔( ''The Mythology of All Races'' ). 1916. p. 76.〕〔The Archeological History of New York, Issues 231-238. By Arthur Caswell Parker. University of the State of New York, 1922. (p387 )〕 The term ''wigwam'' has often been incorrectly used to refer to a conical skin tipi.〔The North-Americans of yesterday. By Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1900. (p200 )〕〔Usually wigwams are a domed structure; conical wooden wigwams are known (as seen here in the background), though, and presumably gave rise to the confusing of the different structures. For more, see: Notes on the Eastern Cree and Northern Saulteaux, Volumes 9-10. By Alanson Skinner. The Trustee, 1911. (p12 )+13.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tipi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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