|
Technostress is the negative psychological link between people and the introduction of new technologies. Where ergonomics is the study of how humans react to and physically fit with machines in their environment, technostress is a result of altered habits of work and collaboration that are being brought about due to the use of modern information technologies at office and home situations. People experience technostress when they cannot adapt to or cope with information technologies in a healthy manner. They feel compulsive about being connected and sharing constant updates, feel forced to respond to work-related information in real-time, and engage in almost habitual multi-tasking. They feel compelled to work faster because information flows faster, and have little time to spend on sustained thinking and creative analysis. Craig Brod, a leader in the field of technostress research, states that technostress is "...a modern disease of adaptation caused by an inability to cope with the new computer technologies in a healthy manner."〔Brod, Craig. ''Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution''. Reading, Mass: Addison Weslety, 1984.〕 Some of the earliest technostress scholarly studies in the field of Management Information Systems show that technostress is an undesirable phenomenon spawned by use of computing and communication devices such as PC's, tablets and smartphones. It is dependent on gender, age and computer literacy. Women experience lower technostress than men, older people experience less technostress at work than younger people and those with greater computers literacy experience lower technostress.〔Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Ragu-Nathan, B. and Tu, Q., ''The Impact of Technostress on Productivity'', Journal of Management Information Systems, Summer 2007〕〔Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. and Tu, Q., ''Consequence of Technostress in End Users: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation'', Information Systems Research, December 2008, 19, 4, 417-433.〕〔Tarafdar, M, Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, T.S and Ragu-Nathan, B.S. ''Crossing over to the “Dark Side”: Examining Creators, Inhibitors and Outcomes of Technostress'', Communications of the ACM (Contributed Research Article), September 2011.〕〔Maier, C., Laumer, S., Eckhardt, A., and Weitzel, T. ''Giving too much Social Support: Social Overload on Social Networking Sites'', European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS). doi: 10.1057/ejis.2014.3.〕 ==Symptoms and Outcomes== Psychological stress can manifest itself physically. Similarly there are a number of symptoms of technostress. One symptom of technostress is anxiety. Anxiety can appear as: irritability, headaches, backaches, eye strain, neck pain, stiff shoulder, joint pains, mental fatigue, depression, nightmares, panic, resistance, and a feeling of helplessness.The anxiety expressed by those experiencing technostress: suffering insomnia, loss of temper, irritability, frustration and can increase errors in judgement and poor job performance if not dealt with. In the 21st century, people are equipped with technology to better serve the clients and most especially those experiencing technostress. People are sitting and facing computer monitors for a longer time which results in physical strain. In the 21st century work environment, people must spend eight hours and more a day at work because it is critical to their security, job satisfaction, and increasingly hazardous to their health. In a technological world, providing people with appropriate and safe physical environment is a necessity. Too much exposure to computer monitors is associated with emotional stress, and people are emotionally affected by technostress in their workplaces. Consequences of technostress include decreased job satisfaction, organizational commitment and productivity. A periodic assessment is necessary to check the level of technostress affecting the professionals especially the physical and emotional aspects. Managers should organize technology-based trainings for employees to make them comfortable with technologies and awareness of harmful effects. Technology skills for employees are important to consistently update their technological skills. Institutions, companies, and agencies are needed to employ IT specialist and troubleshooters to maximize system accessibility and provide level of comfort to the employee. The causes of technostress amount to:〔Ennis, Lisa A. "The Evolution of Technostress." ''Computers in Libraries,'' Sept. 2005, 10-12.〕 *the quick pace of technological change *lack of proper training *an increased workload *lack of standardization within technologies *the reliability of hardware and software Four Aspects of Technostress: 1. Physical aspects are eye strain, backaches, headaches, stiff shoulders, neck pain, joint pain, dry mouth and throat, muscle tension, stomack discomfort, keyboard related injuries, chest pain, rapid heart rate, irritable bowel syndrome, increased blood pressure, difficulty in breathing, and others. 2. Emotional aspects like irritability, loss of temper, having high state of anxiety when separated from computer monitor, feelings of indifference, frustration, lack of appreciation, depression, guilt, feeling fearful, paranoia that leads to avoiding computers, negative attitudes and others. 3. Behavioral aspects consists of overly comfortable with computers, overspending on computers, insomnia, uncooperativeness and unwillingness, using computer terms in non-computer conversion, smoking, social withdrawal in favor of terminal time, cruising computer stores, drinking alcohol, and others. 4. Psychological aspects composed of information overload to find, analyze, evaluate, and apply it in right context of resources, underwork and routine jobs lead to frustrations when underemployed or when the work done involves only routine operations, job security, where people have afear that computer may replace to human roles, professional jealousy produced by technological competency, demotivation due to prolonged period of any technological activity, uncertainty about job role caused by an increased time working with technology. There are five conditions that are classified as "technostress creators":〔 “Techno-overload” describes situations where use of computers forces people to work more and work faster. “Techno-invasion” describes being “always exposed” where people can potentially be reached anywhere and anytime and feel the need to be constantly connected. The regular work-day is extended, office work is done at all sorts of hours, and it is almost impossible to "cut away". “Techno-complexity” describes situations where the complex computer systems used at work force people to spend time and effort in learning and understanding how to use new applications and to update their skills. People find the variety of applications, functions, and jargon intimidating and consequently feel stressed. “Techno-insecurity” is associated with situations where people feel threatened about losing their jobs to other people who have a better understanding of new gadgets and computing devices. “Techno-uncertainty” relates to short life cycles of computer systems. Continuing changes and upgrades do not give people a chance to experience at a particular system. People find this unsettling because their knowledge becomes rapidly outdated and they are required to re-learn things very rapidly and often. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Technostress」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|