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Tarshish, also spelled Tharsis, ((ヘブライ語:תַּרְשִׁישׁ)) occurs in the Hebrew Bible with several uncertain meanings, most frequently as a place, probably a large city or region, far across the sea from the Land of Israel, which traded in metals with Israel and Phoenicia. The same name occurs in the Akkadian inscriptions of Esarhaddon (an Assyrian king) and also on the Phoenician inscription on the Nora Stone, indicating that it was a real place; its precise location was lost in antiquity, and legends grew up around it over time. Its identity has been the subject of scholarly research and commentary for more than two thousand years. Its importance stems in part from the fact that biblical passages tend to understand Tarshish as a source of King Solomon's great wealth in metals - especially silver, but also gold, tin and iron (Ezekiel 27). The metals were reportedly obtained in partnership with King Hiram of Phoenician Tyre (Isaiah 23), and the fleets of Tarshish-ships that sailed in their service. There has been so little evidence identified in the archaeological record for Solomon and his kingdom, however, that some modern scholars have suggested the monarch and his kingdom never existed (Schmidt, ed. 2007). The existence of Tarshish in the western Mediterranean, along with any Phoenician presence in the west before 800 BC has likewise seemed unthinkable to some scholars in modern times, because there had been no recognized and defensible evidence for wealth in metals during the reigns of Solomon and Hiram; in fact, the lack of evidence has allowed scholars to understand the period in Mediterranean prehistory between 1200 and 800 BC as a 'Dark Age' (Muhly 1998). The Septuagint, the Vulgate and the Targum of Jonathan render this as Carthage, but other biblical commentators as early as 1646 (Samuel Bochart) read it as Tartessos in ancient Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula).〔"(Tarshish )" in the ''Jewish Encyclopedia,'' Isidore Singer and M. Seligsohn〕 Isaac Abrabanel (1476–1508) wrote that Tarshish is the city which is called among the Ishmaelites, Tunis.〔Bob, Steven. Go to Nineveh. Eugene OR. Pickwick Publications. 2013 p 77 ISBN 978-1-62032-666-4.〕 One possible identification for centuries preceding Bochart, and following Flavius Josephus, had also been with Tarsus in Cilicia. The modern American scholars William F. Albright (1941) and Frank M. Cross (1972) suggested Tarshish was Sardinia because of the discovery of the Nora Stone, whose Phoenician inscription mentions Tarshish. Christine M. Thompson (2003) identified the Cisjordan Corpus, a concentration of hacksilber hoards in Israel and the Palestinian Territories (Cisjordan). This Corpus dates between 1200 and 586 BC. Within it, and specifically in the geographical region that was part of Phoenicia, is a concentration of hoards dated between 1200 and 800 BC. This concentration is unique in the contemporary Mediterranean, and its date-range overlaps with the traditional dates of the reigns of King Solomon and Hiram of Tyre. Hacksilber objects in these Phoenician hoards have lead isotope ratios that match ores in Sardinia and Spain. Contrary to translations that have been rendering Assyrian tar-si-si as 'Tarsus' up to the present time, Christine Thompson has shown that the Assyrian tablets inscribed in Akkadian indicate tar-si-si (Tarshish) was an island, and the poetic construction of Psalm 72 also points to its identity as a large island in the West. The island of Sardinia is indicated.〔Thompson, C. M. and Skaggs, S. 2013: 'King Solomon’s silver?: southern Phoenician Hacksilber hoards and the location of Tarshish' Internet Archaeology, (35). doi:10.11141/ia.35.6〕〔Thompson, C.M. 2003: 'Sealed silver in Cisjordan and the ‘invention’ of coinage,' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 22.1, 67–107.〕 ==Hebrew Bible== Tarshish also occurs 24 times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible with various meanings: * Genesis 10:4 lists the descendants of Japhet, the son of Noah, as "The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim." This is restated verbatim in 1 Chronicles 1:7. * 1 Kings () notes that King Solomon had "a fleet of ships of Tarshish" at sea with the fleet of his ally King Hiram of Tyre. And that "Once every three years the fleet of ships of Tarshish used to come bringing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks." (repeated with some notable changes in 2 Chronicles ), while 1 Kings 22:48 states that "Jehoshaphat made ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, but they did not go, for the ships were wrecked at Ezion-geber." This is repeated in 2 Chronicles 20:37 preceded by the information that the ships were actually built at Ezion-geber, and emphasizing the prophecy of the otherwise unknown Eliezer son of Dodavahu of Mareshah against Jehoshaphat that "Because you have joined with Ahaziah, the Lord will destroy what you have made." And the ships were wrecked and were not able to go to Tarshish. This may be referenced in Psalm 48:7 which records "By the east wind you shattered the ships of Tarshish." From these verses commentators consider that "Ships of Tarshish" was used to denote any large trading ships intended for long voyages whatever their destination,〔 and some Bible translations, including the NIV, go as far as to translate the phrase ''ship(s) of Tarshish'' as "trading ship(s)." * Psalm 72 (), a Psalm often interpreted as Messianic in Jewish and Christian tradition, has "May the kings of Tarshish and of the coastlands render him tribute; may the kings of Sheba and Seba bring gifts!" This verse is the source text of the liturgical antiphon ''Reges Tharsis'' in Christian Cathedral music. In this Psalm, the 'chain of scaled correlates' consisting of 'mountains and hills', 'rain and showers', 'seas and river' leads up to the phrase 'Tarshish and islands', indicating that Tarshish was a large island.〔 * Isaiah contains three prophecies mentioning Tarshish. First 2:16 "against all the ships of Tarshish, and against all the beautiful craft," then Tarshish is mentioned at length in Chapter 23 against Tyre. 23:1 and 14 repeat "Wail, O ships of Tarshish, for Tyre is laid waste, without house or harbor!" and 23:6 "Cross over to Tarshish; wail, O inhabitants of the coast!". 23:10 identifies Tyre as a "daughter of Tarshish" These prophecies are reversed in Isaiah 60:9 where "For the coastlands shall hope for me, the ships of Tarshish first, to bring your children from afar," and 66:19 " and I will set a sign among them. And from them I will send survivors to the nations, to Tarshish, Pul, and Lud, who draw the bow, to Tubal and Javan, to the coastlands far away, that have not heard my fame or seen my glory. And they shall declare my glory among the nations." * Jeremiah only mentions Tarshish in passing as a source of silver; 10:9 "Beaten silver is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz." * Ezekiel contains two prophecies describing Israel's trading relations with Tarshish. The first is retrospective in 27:12 "Tarshish did business with you because of your great wealth of every kind; silver, iron, tin, and lead they exchanged for your wares." and 27:25 "The ships of Tarshish traveled for you with your merchandise. So you were filled and heavily laden in the heart of the seas." The second in Ezekiel 38:13 is forward looking where "Sheba and Dedan and the merchants of Tarshish and all its leaders will say to you, ‘Have you come to seize spoil? Have you assembled your hosts to carry off plunder, to carry away silver and gold, to take away livestock and goods, to seize great spoil?’" * Jonah 1:3 (), 4:2 mentions Tarshish as a distant place: "But Jonah rose to flee to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord. He went down to Joppa and found a ship going to Tarshish." Jonah's fleeing to Tarshish may need to be taken as "a place very far away" rather than a precise geographical term. It may however refer to Tarsus in Cilicia where Saul, later Paul hailed from.〔http://scriptures.lds.org/en/bd/p/14〕 On the Mediterranean Sea, ships that used only sails were often left stranded without wind while ships with oars could continue their voyage. Therefore, trading ships most likely would have used oarsmen rather than sails. During Jonah's attempted escape to Tarshish, his rebellion against the Hebrew God YHWH led to his being tossed overboard by sailors, swallowed by a large fish (sometimes called the "whale"), and vomited out onto dry land by God's command. He then made his way to Nineveh, now known as Mosul, in Iraq. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tarshish」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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