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Taenghwa
''T'aenghwa'' (Hangul: 탱화, translation: "hanging-painting"; alternate: Hwaom ''zhenghua'') is a characteristic type of Korean Buddhist visual art. A genre of Buddhist art, the paintings of icons can be on hanging scrolls, or framed pictures, or wall-paintings.〔 ''T'aenghwa'' may be small, private and made for indoor display, or large and made for outdoor display. The craft is considered an extension of an earlier tradition of mural painting. There are no manuals that describe ''t'aenghwa'' painting, instead, the tradition preserves its models through paper stencils. Though most of the Koryo era ''t'aenghwa'' are held in Japanese collections, museums in Berlin, Boston, and Cologne carry some as well.〔
==History==
The ''t'aenghwa'' tradition was part of the Buddhist heritage that came to the Korean Peninsula during the Three Kingdoms period. The earliest paintings to survive date back to the late 13th century, late Koryo dynasty. The early ''t'aenghwa'' tradition followed the norms of Central Asian and Chinese traditions with regard to icon modelling and the use of stencils. Most of the early ''t'aenghwa'' were painted on silk gauze using mineral colours.〔 Popular themes included the Pure Land Buddhism (Korean: Chont'o) and Avalokiteśvara.〔 ''T'aenghwa'' were popular from the 17th century onwards. In the Chosŏn period, mural painting started to lose its popularity, making way for ''t'aenghwa''. The scrolls were often hang behind the central Buddhist sculpture in a Buddhist temple. This was meant to enhance the sculptural image as well as provide an ambiance to the temple interior. Towards the end of the 20th century, ''t'aenghwa'' were in decline.
The ''t'aenghwa'' was considered more of a craft than a high art practice, thus novice monks who showed talent were trained on the tradition by painting various mandatory images.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Buddha Amitabha and his pantheon )〕 Workshops were sometimes located within the temple grounds and it was here that painters shared their craft with pupils. In the past, painters worked on commission but with few competent masters of ''t'aenghwa'' painting left, the tradition may die out within the next couple of generations.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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