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Subbotniks ((ロシア語:Субботники), literally, Sabbatarians) are one of the Russian religious bodies known under the general name of "Judaizing Christian sects". On the whole, the Subbotniks probably differed little from other Judaizing societies in their early years.〔 They first appeared toward the end of the 18th century during the reign of Catherine II. According to official reports of the Imperial Russian government, most of the sect's followers circumcised their boys, believed in a unitary God rather than in the Christian Trinity, accepted only the Jewish Bible (Old Testament), and observed Sabbath on Saturday rather than on Sunday as in Christian practice. (Some were called sabbatarians for that practice.) There were variations among their beliefs in relation to Jesus Christ, the Second Coming, and other elements of Orthodox Christian doctrine. Prior to the First Partition of Poland in 1772, few Jews had settled in the Russian Empire. The Subbotniks were originally Christian peasants of the Russian Orthodox Church. They adopted elements of Mosaic law of the Old Testament and were known as sabbatarians, part of the Spiritual Christianity movement.〔 Subbotnik communities were among the earliest to adopt Zionism; a significant number settled in Ottoman Palestine in the 1880s as part of the First Aliyah in order to escape oppression in the Russian Empire. Their descendants included Israeli Jews such as Alexander Zaid and Major-General Alik Ron.〔(Dr. Ruchama Weiss ▪ Rabbi Levi Brackman, "Russia's Subbotnik Jews get rabbi" ), Ynet, 9 December 2010, accessed 22 August 2015〕 A 1912 census in Russia recorded 8,412 Subbotniks who "had fallen away from Orthodoxy"; 12,305 "Judaizing Talmudists"; and 4,092 "Russian Karaites".〔 In 2004 the chief rabbi of Israel ruled the Subbotniks were a Christian sect and not eligible for aliyah to Israel. This ruling was under review in 2014 due to new appeals to the government. ==History== Subbotniks, meaning sabbatarians for their observance of the Sabbath on Saturday, as in the Old Testament, rather than on Sunday, arose as part of the Spiritual Christian movement in the 18th century. Imperial Russian officials and Orthodox clergy considered the Subbotniks to be heretical to Russian Orthodox religion, and tried to suppress their and other Judaizing sects, which adopted some Mosaic practices, such as circumcision of boys. They also emphasized individual interpretation of the law, rather than accepting the Talmud or clergy. The Subbotniks concealed their religious beliefs and rites from the Orthodox Christians. The Russian government eventually deported the Subbotniks, isolating them from Orthodox Christians and Jews. The Subbotniks observed the Sabbath on Saturday, and were also known as sabbatarians. They avoided work and tried to avoid discussing worldly affairs. Apart from practicing circumcision of boys, many began to slaughter their food animals according to the laws of shechita when they could learn the necessary rules. Some clandestinely used tefillin, tzitzit, and mezuzot, and prayed in private houses of prayer. As their practice deepened, some acquired Jewish prayer-books with Russian translation for their prayers. The cantor read the prayers aloud, and the congregants prayed silently; during prayers a solemn silence was observed throughout the house. According to the testimony, private and official, of all those who studied their mode of life in Czarist times, the Subbotniks were remarkably industrious; reading and writing, hospitable, not given to drunkenness, poverty, or prostitution. Up to 1820 the Subbotniks lived for the most part in the governments of Voronezh, Oryol, Moscow, Tula, and Saratov. After that year, the government deported those who openly acknowledged their membership in the sect to the foothills of the Caucasus, to Transcaucasia, and to the governments of Irkutsk, Tobolsk, and Yeniseisk, in Siberia. In 1912, the government Interior Ministry recorded 8,412 Subbotniks; 12,305 Judaizing Talmudists; and 4,092 Russian Karaites.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Subbotniks」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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