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Stigmata (singular ''stigma'') is a term used by members of the Christian faith to describe body marks, sores, or sensations of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ, such as the hands, wrists, and feet. The term originates from the line at the end of Saint Paul's Letter to the Galatians where he says, "I bear on my body the marks of Jesus." ''Stigmata'' is the plural of the Greek word στίγμα ''stigma'', meaning a mark, tattoo,〔Jones, C.P. (1987) Stigma: Tattooing & Branding in Graeco-Roman Antiquity. J. Roman Studies 77, 139-155.〕 or brand such as might have been used for identification of an animal or slave. An individual bearing stigmata is referred to as a stigmatist. Stigmata are primarily associated with the Roman Catholic faith. Many reported stigmatics are members of Catholic religious orders.〔Poulain, A. (1912). Mystical Stigmata. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved July 1, 2008 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14294b.htm〕 St. Francis of Assisi was the first recorded stigmatic in Christian history. For over fifty years, St. Padre Pio of Pietrelcina of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin reported stigmata which were studied by several 20th-century physicians. A high percentage (perhaps over 80%) of all stigmatics are women.〔''Catholic cults and devotions: a psychological inquiry'' by Michael P. Carroll 1989 ISBN 0-7735-0693-4 pages 80-84〕 In his ''Stigmata: A Medieval Phenomenon in a Modern Age'', Edward Harrison suggests that there is no single mechanism whereby the marks of stigmata were produced. ==Description== Reported cases of stigmata take various forms. Many show some or all of five Holy Wounds that were, according to the Bible, inflicted on Jesus during his crucifixion: wounds in the wrists and feet, from nails; and in the side, from a lance. Some stigmatics display wounds to the forehead similar to those caused by the Crown of Thorns.〔 Stigmata as crown of thorns appearing in the 20th century, e.g. on Marie Rose Ferron, have been repeatedly photographed.〔Michael Freze, 1993, ''They bore the wounds of Christ'', OSV Publishing ISBN 0-87973-422-1 page 125〕〔''A Stigmatist: Marie-Rose Ferron'' by Jeanne S. Bonin 1988 ISBN 2-89039-161-2 page 153〕〔''Religion and American cultures: an encyclopedia of traditions, Volume 1'' by Gary Laderman, Luís D. León 2003 ISBN 1-57607-238-X page 336〕 Other reported forms include tears of blood or sweating blood, and wounds to the back as from scourging. Many stigmata show recurring bleeding that stops and then starts, at times after receiving Holy Communion, and a large percentage of stigmatics have shown a high desire to receive Holy Communion frequently.〔 A relatively high percentage of stigmatics also exhibit inedia, claiming to live with minimal (or no) food or water for long periods of time, except for the Holy Eucharist. Some exhibit weight loss, and closer investigation often reveals evidence of fakery. 〔 Some stigmatics claim to feel the pain of wounds with no external marks; these are referred to as "invisible stigmata".〔 Some stigmatics' wounds do not appear to clot, and seem to stay fresh and uninfected. The blood from the wounds is said, in some cases, to have a pleasant, perfumed odor, known as the Odour of Sanctity. Individuals who have obtained the stigmata are many times described as ecstatics, overwhelmed with emotions upon receiving the stigmata. No case of stigmata is known to have occurred before the thirteenth century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Catholic Encyclopedia: Mystical Stigmata )〕 In his paper ''Hospitality and Pain,'' Christian theologian Ivan Illich states: "Compassion with Christ... is faith so strong and so deeply incarnate that it leads to the individual embodiment of the contemplated pain." His thesis is that stigmata result from exceptional poignancy of religious faith and desire to associate oneself with the suffering Messiah. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stigmata」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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