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・ Self-propelled barge T-36
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・ Self-Publishing Review
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Self-reference
・ Self-reference effect
・ Self-reference puzzle
・ Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
・ Self-referential encoding
・ Self-referential humor
・ Self-referential marketing
・ Self-refuting idea
・ Self-regulated learning
・ Self-regulating heater
・ Self-regulation
・ Self-regulation theory
・ Self-regulatory organization
・ Self-relations Psychotherapy
・ Self-Reliance


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Self-reference : ウィキペディア英語版
Self-reference


Self-reference occurs in natural or formal languages when a sentence, idea or formula refers to itself. The reference may be expressed either directly—through some intermediate sentence or formula—or by means of some encoding. In philosophy, it also refers to the ability of a subject to speak of or refer to itself: to have the kind of thought expressed by the first person nominative singular pronoun, the word "I" in English.
Self-reference is studied and has applications in mathematics, philosophy, computer programming, and linguistics. Self-referential statements are sometimes paradoxical.
==Usage==

An example of a self-referential situation is the one of self-creation, as the logical organization produces itself the physical structure which creates itself.
Self-reference also occurs in literature and film when an author refers to his or her own work in the context of the work itself. Famous examples include Cervantes's ''Don Quixote'', Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', Denis Diderot's ''Jacques le fataliste et son maître'', Italo Calvino's ''If on a winter's night a traveler'', many stories by Nikolai Gogol, ''Lost in the Funhouse'' by John Barth, Luigi Pirandello's ''Six Characters in Search of an Author'', Douglas Adams' ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series of books, and Federico Fellini's ''''. This is closely related to the concepts of breaking the fourth wall and meta-reference, which often involve self-reference.
The surrealist painter René Magritte is famous for his self-referential works. His painting ''The Treachery of Images'', includes the words ''this is not a pipe'', the truth of which depends entirely on whether the word "ceci" (in English, "this") refers to the pipe depicted—or to the painting or the word or sentence itself.
In computer science, self-reference occurs in reflection, where a program can read or modify its own instructions like any other data. Numerous programming languages support reflection to some extent with varying degrees of expressiveness. Additionally, self-reference is seen in recursion (related to the mathematical recurrence relation), where a code structure refers back to itself during computation.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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