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Self-actualization
Self-actualization is a term that has been used in various psychology theories, often in slightly different ways. The term was originally introduced by the organismic theorist Kurt Goldstein for the motive to realize one's full potential. Expressing one's creativity, quest for spiritual enlightenment, pursuit of knowledge, and the desire to give to society are examples of self-actualization. In Goldstein's view, it is the organism's master motive, the only real motive: "the tendency to actualize itself as fully as possible is the basic drive... the drive of self-actualization."〔Goldstein, quoted in Arnold H. Modell, ''The Private Self'' (Harvard 1993) p. 44〕 Carl Rogers similarly wrote of "the curative force in psychotherapy - ''man's tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities''... to express and activate all the capacities of the organism."〔Carl Rogers, ''On Becoming a Person'' (1961) p. 350-1〕 The concept was brought most fully to prominence in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory as the final level of psychological development that can be achieved when all basic and mental needs are essentially fulfilled and the "actualization" of the full personal potential takes place,〔Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality. 2nd ed., Chapter 11 "Self-Actualizing People: A Study of Psychological Health"〕 although he adapted this viewpoint later on in life, and saw it more flexibly.〔Koltko-Rivera, Mark. E. Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification, in: Review of General Psychology, 2006, Vol. 10, No. 4, 302–317〕 Self-actualization can be seen as similar to words and concepts such as self-discovery, self-reflection, self-realisation and self-exploration.
As Abraham Maslow noted, the basic needs of humans must be met (e.g. food, shelter, warmth, security, sense of belongingness) before a person can achieve self-actualization - the need to be good, to be fully alive and to find meaning in life. Research shows that when people live lives that are different from their true nature and capabilities, they are less likely to be happy than those whose goals and lives match. For example, someone who has inherent potential to be a great artist or teacher may never realize his/her talents if their energy is focused on attaining the basic needs of humans.〔Schacter, Daniel L., Gilbert, Daniel T., and Wegner, Daniel M. "Human Needs and Self-Actualization". Psychology; Second Edition. New York: Worth, Incorporated, 2011. 486-487. Print.〕
== In Goldstein's theory ==
Kurt Goldstein's book ''The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man'' (1939), presented self-actualization as "the tendency to actualize, as much as possible, (organism's ) individual capacities" in the world. The tendency toward self-actualization is "the only drive by which the life of an organism is determined".〔Goldstein, Kurt. ''The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man.'' 1934. New York: Zone Books, 1995〕 However, for Goldstein self-actualization cannot be understood as a kind of goal to be reached sometime in the future. At any moment the organism has the fundamental tendency to actualize all its capacities, its whole potential, as it is present in exactly that moment, and in exactly that situation in contact with the world under the given circumstances.〔Goldstein, M.: (1971): Selected Papers/Ausgewählte Schriften, The Hague (Nijhoff), p. 471〕 Under the influence of Goldstein, Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchical theory of human motivation in ''Motivation and Personality'' (1954).〔Smith, M. ''Journal of Humanistic Psychology.'' 1990. Santa Cruz: Sage Publications, 1990〕
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