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In United States history, scalawags were Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party, after the American Civil War. Like similar terms, such as "carpetbagger," the word has a long history of use as a slur against Southerners considered by other conservative or pro-federation Southerners to betray the region's values by supporting policies considered "Northern," such as desegregation and racial integration.〔Ted Tunnell. 2006. Creating "The Propaganda of History": Southern Editors and the Origins of "Carpetbagger and Scalawag". The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 72, No. 4 (Nov., 2006), pp. 789–822〕 The term is commonly used in historical studies as a neutral descriptor of Southern white Republicans, although some historians have discarded the term due to its history of pejorative connotations.〔Jack P. Maddex. 1980. More Facts of Reconstruction The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi. by William C. Harris Jr. Reviews in American History, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Mar., 1980), pp. 69–73Published〕 ==Origins of the term== The term was originally a derogatory epithet but is used by many historians as a useful shorthand, as in Wiggins (1991), Baggett (2003), Rubin (2006) and Wetta (2012). The word "scalawag", originally referring to low-grade farm animals, was adopted by their opponents to refer to Southern whites who formed a Republican coalition with black freedmen and Northern newcomers (called carpetbaggers) to take control of their state and local governments. Among the earliest uses in this new meaning were references in Alabama and Georgia newspapers in the summer of 1867, first referring to all southern Republicans, then later restricting it to only White ones.〔 Historian Ted Tunnel writes that
During the 1868–69 session of Judge "Greasy" Sam Watts court in Haywood County, North Carolina, Dr. William Closs, D.D. testified that a scalawag was "a Native born Southern white man who says he is no better than a negro and tells the truth when he says it." Some accounts record his testimony as "a native Southern white man, who says that a negro is as good as he is, and tells the truth when he says so." By October 1868 a Mississippi newspaper was defining the expression scathingly in terms of Redemption politics.〔"A Mississippi newspaper gives this pointed description..."The carpet-bagger is a Northern thief who comes South to plunder every white man who is a gentleman of any property or respectability, and get all the offices he can. The scalawag is a Southern-born scoundrel, who will do all the carpet-bagger will, and, besides, murder the carpet-bagger for the gutta-percha ring his sister gave him when he left home." " ''The Times'', 8 October 1868, p.9〕 The term continued to be used as a pejorative by conservative pro-segregationist southerners well into the 20th century.〔Tucker, William H. (2002), The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-02762-0 p. 59〕 But historians commonly use the term to refer to the group of historical actors with no pejorative meaning intended.〔Richard D. Starnes. Forever Faithful: The Southern Historical Society and Confederate Historical Memory. Southern Cultures, Volume 2, Number 2, Winter 1996, pp. 177–194, note 2〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scalawag」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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