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Saurophaganax
''Saurophaganax'' ("lizard-eater") is a genus of allosaurid dinosaur from the Morrison Formation of Late Jurassic Oklahoma (latest Kimmeridgian age, about 151 million years ago), USA.〔Turner, C.E. and Peterson, F., (1999). "Biostratigraphy of dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Western Interior, U.S.A." Pp. 77–114 in Gillette, D.D. (ed.), ''Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah''. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1.〕 Some paleontologists consider it to be a species of ''Allosaurus'' (''A. maximus''). ''Saurophaganax'' represents a very large Morrison allosaurid characterized by horizontal laminae at the bases of the dorsal neural spines above the transverse processes, and "meat-chopper" chevrons. The maximum size of ''S. maximus'' has been estimated at anywhere from 〔Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 96〕 to in length,〔Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'' (Winter 2010 Appendix. )〕 and around in weight.〔
==Discovery and naming==
In 1931 and 1932 John Willis Stovall uncovered remains of a large theropod near Kenton in Cimarron County, Oklahoma in layers of the late Kimmeridgian. In 1941 these were named ''Saurophagus maximus'' by Stovall in an article by journalist Grace Ernestine Ray.〔Ray, G.E., 1941, "Big for his day", ''Natural History'' 48: 36-39〕 The generic name is derived from Greek σαυρος, ''sauros'', "lizard" and φάγειν, ''phagein'', "to eat", with the compound meaning of "eater of saurians". The specific epithet ''maximus'' means "the largest" in Latin. Because the naming article did not contain a description, the name remained a ''nomen nudum''. In 1950 Stovall described the finds. However, in 1987 Spencer George Lucas e.a. concluded a lectotype had to be designated among the many bones: OMNH 4666, a tibia.〔Lucas, S.G., Mateer, N.J., Hunt, A.P., and O'Neill, F.M., 1987, "Dinosaurs, the age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations, and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico", p. 35-50. In: Fassett, J.E. and Rigby, J.K., Jr. (eds.), ''The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the San Juan and Raton Basins, New Mexico and Colorado''. GSA Special Paper 209〕
Later it was discovered that the name ''Saurophagus'' was preoccupied: it had already in 1831 been given by William Swainson to a tyrant-flycatcher, a real eater of lizards.〔W. Swainson and J. Richardson, 1831, ''Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. Part 2, Birds'', London, J. Murray〕 In 1995 Daniel Chure named a new genus: ''Saurophaganax'', adding Greek suffix -άναξ, ''anax'', meaning "ruler", to the earlier name. Chure also established that the lectotype tibia was not diagnostic in relation to ''Allosaurus''. He designated another element as the type specimen: OMNH 01123, a neural arch. This was not intended as a neotype of the old genus but as the holotype of a genus different from "Saurophagus". The type species ''Saurophaganax maximus'', based on diagnostic material, is thus not to be considered conspecific with ''Saurophagus maximus'' based on an undiagnostic bone — which species Chure later stated to be a ''nomen dubium''〔Chure, D., 2000, ''A new species of ''Allosaurus'' from the Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument (Utah-Colorado) and a revision of the theropod family Allosauridae''. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, pp. 1-964〕 — and ''Saurophaganax'' is not a renaming of "Saurophagus". Much of the material previously referred to ''Saurophagus maximus'', namely those diagnostic elements that could be distinguished from ''Allosaurus'', were by Chure referred to ''Saurophaganax maximus''. They contain disarticulated bones of at least four individuals.〔
''Saurophaganax'' is the official state fossil of Oklahoma, and a large skeleton of ''Saurophaganax'' can be seen in the Jurassic hall in the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History. Although the best known ''Saurophaganax'' material was found in the panhandle of Oklahoma, possible ''Saurophaganax'' material, NMMNH P-26083, a partial skeleton including a femur, several tail vertebrae, and a hip bone, has been found in northern New Mexico.
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