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Samrukia
''Samrukia'' is a genus of large Cretaceous pterosaurs known only from a single lower jaw discovered in Kazakhstan. The holotype and only known specimen was collected from the Santonian-Campanian age Bostobynskaya Formation in Kyzylorda District. It was described by Darren Naish, Gareth Dyke, Andrea Cau, François Escuillié, and Pascal Godefroit in 2012, and the type species is named ''Samrukia nessovi''. The species is named after Lev Nessov, a paleontologist, and the genus is named after Samruk, a magical bird of Kazakh folklore.
==Classification==
The type specimen of ''Samrukia'' was at first believed to belong to an oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur. An initial cladistic analysis by Naish ''et al.'' found ''Samrukia nessovi'' instead to be a basal member of the bird lineage Ornithuromorpha. They interpreted ''Samrukia'' as a very large bird (the jawbone is twice as long as that of an ostrich), but noted that it is not known whether ''Samrukia'' would have been able to fly (in which case they would have had wingspans of roughly ) or not (in which case they would have been around tall).〔
A subsequent analysis published by Eric Buffetaut in 2011 challenged the interpretation of ''Samrukia nessovi'' as a bird. Buffetaut challenged the identification of certain "avian" characteristics identified by Naish ''et al.'', claiming that none were definitely avian and that many were in fact well-known among pterosaurs. He noted that all purported autapomorphies of ''Samrukia'', the unique traits used to set it apart from other birds, are shared with pterosaurs. He also criticized the earlier cladistic analysis for not including pterosaurs, but only birds and other theropod dinosaurs. Buffetaut stated that the species is "clearly a large pterosaur, not a giant bird."〔Buffetaut, E. (2011). "''Samrukia nessovi'', from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan: A large pterosaur, not a giant bird." ''Annales de Paléontologie'', 97(3–4): 133–138. 〕
One of the original researchers who described ''Samrukia'', Darren Naish, agreed with Buffetaut's re-assessment. Naish wrote on his ''Scientific American'' Web log ''Tetrapod Zoology'': "Working on fragmentary material is dangerous since you can often get things very, very wrong, and I realised within a few days of the paper appearing that ''Samrukia'' was no bird. It seemed, in fact, to be a pterosaur."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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