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Rondo : ウィキペディア英語版
Rondo

Rondo and its French part-equivalent rondeau are words that have been used in music in a number of ways, most often in reference to a musical form, but also to a character type that is distinct from the form.
==Form==
The term and formal principle may have derived from the medieval poetic form, ''rondeau'', which contains repetitions of a couplet separated by longer sections of poetry.〔White, John D. (1976). ''The Analysis of Music'', p.54-56. ISBN 0-13-033233-X.〕 (Arnold Schoenberg disputed this claim of origin in an essay in Style and Idea, noting that "if musical rondo form were really supposed to be modelled on the poetic form, it could only be so very superficially".〔in part because repetition serves different functions in poetry and in music. See: ''For a Treatise on Composition'', pp.264-67, ISBN 0 520 05286 2.〕)
In rondo form, a principal theme (sometimes called the "refrain") alternates with one or more contrasting themes, generally called "episodes," but also occasionally referred to as "digressions" or "couplets." Possible patterns in the Classical period include: ABA, ABACA, or ABACABA. The number of themes can vary from piece to piece, and the recurring element is sometimes embellished and/or shortened in order to provide for variation.
A Baroque predecessor to the rondo was the ritornello. Ritornello form was used in the fast movements of baroque concertos, and in many baroque vocal and choral works. The entire orchestra (in Italian, ''tutti'') plays the main ritornello theme, while soloists play the intervening episodes. While Rondo form is similar to ritornello form, it is different in that ritornello brings back the subject or main theme in fragments and in different keys, but the rondo brings back its theme complete and in the same key.〔Well- as a rule, generally...〕 Cedric Thorpe Davie is one author, however, who considers the ritornello form the ancestor, not of the rondo form, but of the classical concerto form (which also occurs, as a form, in many a classical-era aria.)〔Thorpe Davie, ''Musical Structure and Design''.〕
A common expansion of rondo form is to combine it with sonata form, to create the sonata rondo form. Here, the second theme acts in a similar way to the second theme group in sonata form by appearing first in a key other than the tonic and later being repeated in the tonic key. Unlike sonata form, thematic development does not need to occur except possibly in the coda.
This should not be confused with the rondeau, either the vocal Rondeau of the Medieval and early Renaissance period, or the French Baroque Rondeau usually associated with brief movements (for keyboard or larger ensemble) of the Baroque era and earlier, e.g. Jean-Philippe Rameau's "Rondeau des Indes Galantes" or Les Barricades Mystérieuses which is also not really a rondo, but a form of its own.
==Examples==
*Johann Sebastian Bach: E major Violin Concerto, last movement
*Antonín Dvořák: Cello Concerto in B minor, third Movement
*Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Horn Concerto No. 4 in E-flat major, last movement
*Ludwig van Beethoven: Piano Sonata, Op. 13, last movement.〔

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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