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Reich (;〔http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reich〕 ) is a German word meaning literally "realm". An "empire" is called in German "Kaiserreich" (literally "realm of an emperor"), a kingdom is a "Königreich" (literally "realm of a king"). Considering the etymology of the word, it becomes clear why the Germans saw no problem in keeping the expression "Deutsches Reich" (in general inaccurately translated to "German Empire") even after the collapse and abolition of the monarchy in 1918. The term derives from the Germanic word meaning "realm" in general, but is typically used in German to designate a kingdom or an empire, especially the Roman Empire.〔Harper's magazine, Volume 63. Pp. 593.〕 The terms ''Kaisertum'' and ''Kaiserreich'' are used in German to more specifically define an empire led by an emperor.〔 ''Reich'' is comparable in meaning and development (as well as descending from the same Proto-Indo-European root) to the English word ''realm'' (via French ''reaume'' "kingdom" from Latin ''regalis'' "royal"). It is used for historical empires in general, such as ''Römisches Reich'' "Roman Empire", ''Perserreich'' "Persian Empire", ''Zarenreich'' of both the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, etc. In the History of Germany specifically, it is used to refer to: * ''Frankenreich'' and ''Karolingerreich'' for the early medieval Frankish Realm and the Frankish Carolingian Empire * ''Heiliges Römisches Reich'', the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted from the coronation of Otto I as a Holy Roman Emperor in 962 to 1806, when it was dissolved during the Napoleonic Wars; * ''Deutsches Reich'' the German Empire, which lasted from the unification of Germany in 1871 to its collapse after World War I, during the German Revolution of 1918–1919; * the Weimar Republic of 1919–1933 continued to use ''Deutsches Reich'' as its official name * Nazi Germany, the state often referred to as the ''Third Reich'', which lasted from the Machtergreifung in 1933 to the End of World War II in Europe in 1945. There were three periods in the history of the ''Reich'': 1. First Reich ((ドイツ語:Erste Reich)): Holy Roman Empire ((ドイツ語:Heiliges Römisches Reich)) 962–1806 later Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ((ドイツ語:Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation)), also called Old Empire ((ドイツ語:Altes Reich)) 2. Second Reich ((ドイツ語:Zweite Reich)): German Empire ((ドイツ語:Deutsches Kaiserreich)) 1871–1918 3. Third Reich ((ドイツ語:Drittes Reich)): German Reich ((ドイツ語:Deutsches Reich)) 1933-1943 later Greater German Reich ((ドイツ語:Großdeutsches Reich)) 1943-1945 Fourth Reich ((ドイツ語:Viertes Reich)): Fourth Reich is a theoretical future German empire that is the successor to Third Reich (1933-1945). The 1918–1933 Weimar period, which is also called German Reich is ignored and denounced by the Nazis as a historical aberration, contemptuously referring to it as "the System". In a 1923 book entitled ''Das Dritte Reich'' by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, that counted the medieval Holy Roman Empire as the first and the 1871–1918 monarchy as the second, which was then to be followed by a "reinvigorated" third one. ==Etymology== The Latin equivalent of ''Reich'' is ''ラテン語:imperium'' or rather with a king ''ラテン語:regnum''. Both terms translate to "rule, sovereignty, government", usually of monarchs (kings or emperors), but also of gods, and of the Christian God.〔see e.g. Jacob Grimm, ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'', s.v. "Reich n."〕 The German version of the Lord's Prayer uses the words ''ドイツ語:Dein Reich komme'' for "" (usually translated as "thy kingdom come" in English).〔the Lord's Prayer in Scandinavian also uses the cognate word; so it is in Old English – 'Tobecyme thin rice'〕 ''Himmelreich'' is the German term for the concept of "kingdom of heaven". The German noun ''Reich'' is derived from Old High German ''rīhhi'', which together with its cognates in Old English ''rīce'' Old Norse ''rîki'' (modern Scandinavian ''rike''/''rige'') and Gothic ''reiki'' is from a Common Germanic '' *rīkijan''. The English noun is extinct, but persists in composition, in ''bishop-ric''. The German adjective ''ドイツ語:reich'', on the other hand, has an exact cognate in English rich. Both the noun ('' *rīkijan'') and the adjective ('' *rīkijaz'') are derivations based on a Common Germanic '' *rīks'' "ruler, king", reflected in Gothic as ''reiks'', glossing "leader, ruler, chieftain". It is probable that the Germanic word was not inherited from pre-Proto-Germanic, but rather loaned from Celtic (i.e. Gaulish ''rīx'') at an early time.〔Grimm, ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'', original suggestion from Karl Brugmann ''grundrisz der vergl. gramm''. 1, 65. Also mentioned in e.g. Calvert Watkins, ''American Heritage dictionary of Indo-European Roots'', p. 70.〕 The word has many cognates outside of Germanic and Celtic, notably Latin ''rex'' and Sanskrit ''raja'' "king". It is ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European root '' *reg-'', meaning "to straighten out or rule". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reich」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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