The term ''redneck'' is chiefly used for a rural poor white person of the Southern United States. It can be a derogatory slang term〔Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' () p. 424.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Merriam Webster )〕 similar in meaning to ''cracker'' (especially regarding Georgia and Florida), ''hillbilly'' (especially regarding Appalachia and the Ozarks),〔Anthony Harkins, ''Hillbilly, A Cultural History of an American Icon'', Oxford University Press (2004), p. 39.〕 and ''white trash'' (but without the last term's suggestions of immorality).〔Wray (2006) p. x〕〔Ernest Cashmore and James Jennings, eds. ''Racism: essential readings'' (2001) p. 36.〕〔Jim Goad, ''The Redneck Manifesto: How Hillbillies, Hicks, and White Trash Became America's Scapegoats'' (1998) pp. 17–19〕 By , say Chapman and Kipfer, the term had expanded in meaning beyond the poor Southerner to refer to "a bigoted and conventional person, a loutish ultra-conservative."〔Robert L. Chapman and Barbara Ann Kipfer, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' (3rd ed. 1995) p. 459〕 It is often used to attack white Southern conservatives. The term is also used broadly to degrade working class and rural whites that are perceived by urban progressives to be insufficiently liberal.〔William Safire, ''Safire's political dictionary'' (2008) p. 612〕 At the same time, some white Southerners have reclaimed the word, using it with pride and defiance as a self-identifier.〔Goad, ''The Redneck Manifesto: How Hillbillies, Hicks, and White Trash Became America's Scapegoats'' (1998) p. 18〕 ==19th and early 20th centuries==