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The Pteranodontidae are a family of large pterosaurs of the Cretaceous Period of North America. The family was named in 1876 by Othniel Charles Marsh. Pteranodontids had a distinctive, elongated crest jutting from the rear of the head (most famously seen in ''Pteranodon'' itself). The spectacularly-crested ''Nyctosaurus'' is sometimes included in this family, though usually placed in its own family, the Nyctosauridae (Nicholson & Lydekker, 1889). Modern researchers differ in their use of the concept. S. Christopher Bennett and Alexander Kellner have concluded that ''Nyctosaurus'' was not a pteranodontid. In 1994 Bennett defined a clade Pteranodontidae, also including species of the Anhangueridae.〔Bennett, S. C. (1994). "Taxonomy and systematics of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur ''Pteranodon'' (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea)", ''Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History'', University of Kansas, Lawrence, 169: 1-70〕 However, this definition has not been accepted by other workers. Alexander Kellner, for example, named several additional species for specimens previously classified as ''Pteranodon'', and placed ''P. sternbergi'' in a distinct genus, ''Geosternbergia''. Kellner re-defined Pteranodontidae as the most recent common ancestor of ''Pteranodon longiceps'', ''Geosternbergia sternbergi'' and ''Dawndraco kanzai'', and all of its descendants. This clade possibly includes the nyctosaurids. Analyses by David Unwin did indicate a close relationship between ''Pteranodon'' and ''Nyctosaurus'', and he used the name Pteranodontia for the clade containing both. Pteranodontids are primarily known from the Coniacian to Campanian stages of the Cretaceous in North America and Japan.〔Alexander W.A. Kellnera, Fabiana R. Costab, Xiaolin Wangc & Xin Cheng, Redescription of the first pterosaur remains from Japan: the largest flying reptile from Asia, Volume 28, Issue 1-2, 2016 Special Issue: Contributions to vertebrate palaeontology in honour of Yukimitsu Tomida, DOI:10.1080/08912963.2015.1028929〕However, potential Maastrichtian remains have been identified from several other locations,〔Barrett, P. M., Butler, R. J., Edwards, N. P., & Milner, A. R. (2008). Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas. ''Zitteliana'': 61-107.()〕 Additionally, later phylogenetic studies imply that they represent a ghost lineage dating much earlier in the Cretaceous. though further study is needed to determine if these belong to pteranodons or the similar groups Nyctosauridae or Ornithocheiridae.〔Company, J., Ruiz-Omeñaca, J. I., & Pereda Suberbiola, X. (1999). A long-necked pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea, Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Valencia, Spain. ''Geologie en Mijnbouw'', 78(3), 319-333.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pteranodontidae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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