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Proto-Zionism (or Forerunners of Zionism; , pronounced: ''Mevasrei ha-Tzionut'') is a term attributed to a group of people deeply affected by the idea of modern Nationalism spread in Europe of the 19th century, as they sought to establish a Jewish homeland in Israel. Central activity of men was between the years 1860 to 1874, before the Zionist movement established practical (1881) and political Zionism (1896) . For this reason they are called precursors of Zionism. As the 17th century raised the idea of "restoring the Jews to Israel Israel naturally by settlement and political action" 〔Jacob Katz, "Jewish nationality", Hasifriya ha-Tzionit, Jerusalem, 1983〕 by Jews and non Jews. However, these ideas were missing in terms of the ultimate goal, do not have united people to action and relied on the national project and the State - the nation. Therefore, these figures are not considered in Heralds of Zionism. Rabbi Judah ben Solomon Hai Alkalai (1798–1878), Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795–1874), philosopher Moses Hess (1812–1875) are considered proto-Zionists. ==History== According to Ben-Zion Dinur, the Aliyah of Rabbi Judah HeHasid and his group opened a new era which began to develop processes such as encouraging productivity, the Revival of the Hebrew language and national aspirations. Nahum Sokolow described proto-Zionists as anyone who wished to renew the Jewish community in Israel, or who wrote about the Jewish problem, starting from the 17th century. This broad definition included such figures as Moses Montefiore, Adolphe Crémieux, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and the Sabbatai Zevi. Nathan Michael Gerber also traced the forerunners of Zionism back to the 17th century. According to Dov Weinereve, the first "forerunner" is Mordecai Manuel Noah. Jacob Katz argued that it is possible to point out only on three men as "forerunners of Zionism": Rabbi Judah ben Solomon Hai Alkalai, Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer, a thinker Moses Hess, since although other people acted in various forms, it is just these three's actions that left the imprint on the Hovevei Zion. Samuel Leib Zitron cited Rabbi Alkalai as the pioneer of modern political Zionism. Citron and Samuel Ettinger, who argued that even if preceded by the movement of Hovevei Zion were different personalities who tackled the Jewish problem, the few acts that they were at hand to do did not leave an impression for generations, did not affect anything on the Zionist movement, and thus there is no person that could be called "harbinger of Zionism". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Proto-Zionism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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