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The Pramāṇa-samuccaya ("A Compendium of Validities") is a work by Dignāga, the early medieval Indian Buddhist logician and epistemologist, which may be seen as the definitive statement of his epistemological work. The work comprises an outline in the highly elliptical verse format typical of early Indian philosophical texts and an explanatory auto-commentary. ==Structure of the work== Chapter 1 opens with the statement that there are only two means of knowledge: direct perception and inference. Corresponding to these we have two objects: particulars and universals. Direct perception is knowledge which excludes conceptual thought (''kalpanā''). This only reveals the bare features of an object via the senses. This knowledge is inexpressible in words, relating to real objects and ultimate reality. Errors of perception arise through misinterpretations by conceptual thought. Each item of sense perception is unique. Dignāga does not specify what the nature of the object of perception is, but implies that although it is not atomic or otherwise, it is existent. It is real because it is causally efficient (''artha-kriyā''). Chapter 2 deals with "inference for oneself" ('). This is knowledge of what can be inferred through a middle term ('), which has the three characteristics for a valid middle term, namely, that it is concomitantly present in the thesis, present in a similar example and absent from a dissimilar example. According to Dignāga, inference only deals with universals and is always dependent upon the subject/object relation. Chapter 3 deals with "inference for other" ('), the process by which one makes public what one knows, by formal means, using a syllogistic means of argument. This typically takes the following form: :Thesis: Sound is impermanent :Reason: Because it is created :Exemplification: Whatever is created is known to be impermanent :Similar example: As in the case of a pot :Dissimilar example: As not in the case of space 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pramāṇa-samuccaya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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