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The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus ''Polygonum'', and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, ''Genera Plantarum''.〔Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. ''Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam''. page 82. Herrisant and Barrois: Paris, France. (see ''External links'' below)〕 The name refers to the many swollen nodes the stems of some species have. It is derived from Greek; ''poly'' means many and ''goni'' means knee or joint. The Polygonaceae comprise about 1200 species〔David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4〕 distributed into about 50 genera. The largest genera are ''Eriogonum'' (240 species), ''Rumex'' (200 species), ''Coccoloba'' (120 species), ''Persicaria'' (100 species) and ''Calligonum'' (80 species).〔Craig C. Freeman and James L. Reveal. 2005. "Polygonaceae" pages 216-601. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (editors). ''Flora of North America'' vol. 5. Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-522211-1 (see ''External links'' below)〕〔John Brandbyge. 1993. "Polygonaceae". pages 531-544. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); Jens G. Rohwer, and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany ISBN 978-3-540-55509-4 (Berlin) ISBN 978-0-387-55509-6 (New York)〕 The family is present worldwide, but is most diverse in the North Temperate Zone. Several species are cultivated as ornamentals.〔Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).〕 A few species of ''Triplaris'' provide lumber.〔 The fruit of the sea grape (''Coccoloba uvifera'') is eaten, and in Florida, jelly is made from it and sold commercially.〔George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. (2005)〕 The seeds of two species of ''Fagopyrum'', known as buckwheat (''sarrasin'' in French), provide grain (its dark flour is known as ''blé noir'' (black wheat) in France). The petioles of rhubarb (''Rheum rhabarbarum'' and hybrids) are a food item. The leaves of the common sorrel (''Rumex acetosa'') are eaten in salads or as a leaf vegetable.〔Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.〕 Polygonaceae contain some of the worst weeds, including species of ''Persicaria, Emex, Rumex'', and ''Polygonum'', such as Japanese knotweed.〔 == Taxonomy == Polygonaceae are very well-defined and have long been universally recognized. In the APG III system, the family is placed in the order Caryophyllales. Within the order, it lies outside of the large clade known as the core Caryophyllales. It is sister to the family Plumbaginaceae, which it does not resemble morphologically.〔Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below).〕 The last comprehensive revision of the family was published in 1993 by John Brandbyge as part of ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants''.〔 Brandbyge followed earlier systems of plant classification in dividing Polygonaceae into two subfamilies, Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae. Since 1993, the circumscriptions of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences. Genera related to ''Coccoloba'' and ''Triplaris'' were moved from Polygonoideae to Eriogonoideae. The genus ''Symmeria'' does not belong to either of these subfamilies because it is sister to the rest of the family. ''Afrobrunnichia'' might constitute a new subfamily as well. Brandbyge wrote descriptions for 43 genera of Polygonaceae in 1993.〔 Since then, a few more genera have been erected, and some segregates of ''Brunnichia'', ''Eriogonum'', and ''Persicaria'' have been given generic status in major works.〔〔〔Anjen Li, Bojian Bao, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba, and Chong-wook Park. 2003. "Polygonaceae" pages 277-350. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). ''Flora of China'' volume 5. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.〕 Some of the genera are not monophyletic and their limits will eventually be revised. These include ''Ruprechtia'', ''Eriogonum'', ''Chorizanthe'', ''Persicaria'', ''Aconogonon'', ''Polygonum'', ''Fallopia'', and ''Muehlenbeckia''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polygonaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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