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In linguistics, pied-piping is a phenomenon of syntax whereby a given focused expression takes an entire encompassing phrase with it when it is "moved".〔For a similar definition of pied-piping, see Crystal (1997;294).〕 The term itself is due to John Robert Ross;〔Ross introduced the concept of pied-piping in his seminal dissertation (1967/86:121ff.).〕 it is a reference to the Pied Piper of Hamelin, the figure of fairy tales who lured rats (and children) by playing his flute. Pied-piping is an aspect of discontinuities in syntax, having to do with the constituents that can and cannot be discontinuous.〔Pied-piping is a concept discussed in many introductory texts to syntax, e.g. Riemsdijk (1986:28ff.), Haegeman (1994: 375f.), Roberts (1997:189).〕 While pied-piping is most visible in cases of wh-fronting of information questions and relative clauses, it is not limited to wh-fronting, but rather it can be construed as occurring with most any type of discontinuity (extraposition, scrambling, topicalization). Most if not all languages that allow discontinuities employ pied-piping to some extent, although there are major differences across languages in this area, some languages employing pied-piping much more than others. ==Examples== Typical examples of pied-piping occur when a wh-expression drags with it an entire encompassing phrase to the front of the clause. The focused expression is in bold in the following examples and the fronted word/phrase in the b- and c-sentences is underlined. The material that has been pied-piped is therefore any underlined material that is not bolded. The gap marks the canonical position of the fronted expression: ::a. She bought the red house. ::b. Which house did she buy ___? - The interrogative word ''which'' has pied-piped the noun ''house''. ::c. *Which did she buy ___ house? - The sentence is bad because pied-piping has not occurred. ::a. She is ten years old. ::b. How old is she ___? - The interrogative word ''how'' has pied-piped the adjective ''old''. ::c. *How is she ___ old? - The sentence is bad because pied-piping has not occurred. ::a. John left the scene very slowly. ::b. How slowly did John leave the scene ___? - The interrogative word ''how'' has pied-piped the adverb ''slowly''. ::c. *How did John leave the scene ___ slowly? - The sentence is bad because pied-piping has not occurred. In each of the b-sentences, the interrogative word has pied-piped an encompassing phrase with it, whereas each c-sentence is bad because pied-piping has not occurred. These examples illustrate that the pied-piped phrase can be a noun phrase, an adjective phrase, or an adverb phrase, and examples further below illustrate that it can also be a prepositional phrase. Pied-piping occurs in embedded wh-clauses as well: ::a. Sarah likes someone's paper. ::b. Sam asked whose paper Sarah likes ___. - The interrogative word ''whose'' has pied-piped the noun ''paper''. ::c. *Sam asked whose Sarah likes ___ paper. - The sentence is bad because pied-piping has not occurred. And pied-piping is very frequent in relative clauses, where a greater flexibility about what can or must be pied-piped is discernible:〔The greater flexibility of pied-piping in relative clauses is noted by, for instance, Culicover (1997:183).〕 ::a. He likes stories about hobbits. ::b. ...hobbits stories about whom he likes ___ - The relative pronoun ''whom'' has pied-piped ''stories about''. ::c. ...hobbits about whom he likes stories ___ - The relative pronoun ''whom'' has pied-piped the word ''about''. ::d. ...hobbits who he likes stories about ___ - The relative pronoun ''who'' has pied-piped nothing; pied-piping has not occurred. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pied-piping」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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