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Phoenice
Phoenice or Phoenike ((ギリシア語:Φοινίκη)) was an ancient Greek city in Epirus and capital of the Chaonians.〔: "To the north the Chaonians had expelled the Corcyraeans from their holdings on the mainland and built fortifications at Buthrotum, Kalivo and Kara-Ali-Bey; and they had a citadel at their political centre, Phoenice."〕〔.〕 It was also the location of the Treaty of Phoenice which ended the First Macedonian War,〔.〕 as well as one of the wealthiest cities in Epirus until the Roman conquest.〔.〕 During the early Byzantine period, Phoenice was the see of a bishopric. The city is an archaeological park of Albania and is located on a hill above a modern town which bears the same name, Finiq, in modern southern Albania.〔
==History==
The city was the political center of the Chaones, one of the three major Greek tribes in ancient Epirus.〔 From the second half of the 5th century BC, an acropolis was erected, which hosted a number of public buildings, while at the end of the next century the fortifications of the city were expanded as part of Pyrrhus's, leader of united Epirus, defensive strategy.〔.〕 The patron god of the city was probably Athena Polias.〔 The walls of Phoenice consisted of massive blocks up to 3.60 meters thick, the Chaonians' primary concern being to defend the city against Illyrian attacks.〔: "The selection of these sites shows that the Chaonians were concerned primarily to defend themselves against attack from the west, that is from the coastal belt, whether by Corcyraeans or by Illyrian raiders."〕 In circa 233 BC, Queen Deidamia II, the last member of the Aeacid ruling dynasty, was assassinated, the monarchy was abolished in Epirus, and the city became the center of the federal government of the Epirote League.〔.〕
In 231 BC, an Illyrian army of Queen Teuta, returning north from a raid in the Peloponnese, captured Phoenice after the town was surrendered by the 800 Gaulish mercenary garrison.〔 An army was sent by the Epirote League to relieve the town, but the Illyrians were forced to withdraw their troops to deal with an internal rebellion.〔〔〔 A truce was thus reached, and Phoenice and the Illyrians' free-born captives were returned to the Epirotes for a ransom.〔〔: "An army of the Aitolian and Achaian Leagues came to their aid and a treaty was concluded which secured the withdrawal of the Illyrians, who took with them slaves and booty but liberated the free men on payment of ransom."〕 During their occupation of Phoenice, the Illyrians murdered several Roman merchants in the town,〔.〕〔.〕 which would eventually lead to the First Illyrian War.〔 In 205 BC, a peace treaty was signed there between the Kingdom of Macedon and the Roman Republic that ended the First Macedonian War.〔.〕 During the Third Macedonian War (171 BC–168 BC), Epirus was split into two states with the Molossians siding with the Macedonians and the Chaonians and Thesprotians siding with Rome. The latter were centered in Phoenice under the leadership of Charops.〔.〕 After the Roman conquest (167 BC), the region of Epirus was devastated except for the pro-Roman supporters in Chaonia. During the following centuries, Phoenice and nearby Antigoneia did not reveal strong traces of Roman presence.〔.〕
In the early Byzantine era, Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) constructed fortifications on a hill adjacent to Phoenice.〔.〕 During the 5th and 6th centuries, the city was listed as a see of a bishopric〔.〕 and hosted a number of religious buildings including a baptistery and a basilica,〔.〕 which were influenced by the architectural style of the great basilicas of Nikopolis.〔: "It is well-known that ecclesiastical architecture in the whole of the province of Epirus Vetus and in parts of Epirus Nova was influenced by the great basilicas of Nikopolis, whose primary characteristic is the tripartite transept."〕 Phoenice was one of the main settlements in Epirus Vetus together with Nicopolis, Dodona, Euroia, Andrianoupolis, Anhiasmos, Vouthroton, Photike, Corfu and Ithaka.〔.〕 However, the city vanished after the 6th century and the urban center of the area moved to nearby Mesopotamos.〔: "All signs of Phoinike, today situated in the territory of Albania, vanish after the sixth century, but the position of the ancient city may have been occupied by the Byzantine settlement of Mesopotamon."〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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