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Pecora
The Pecora are an infraorder of even-toed hoofed mammals with ruminant digestion (Ruminantia, a clade within the Artiodactyla). Most members of Pecora have cranial appendages projecting from their frontal bones; only two extant genera lack them, ''Hydropotes'' and ''Moschus''.〔Hassanin, A., E. Douzery. Molecular and Morphological Phylogenies of Ruminantia and the Alternative Position of the Moschidae. ''Systematic Biology''. 52: 206-228. 2003. 〕 The name “Pecora” comes from the Latin word ''pecus'', which means “horned livestock”.〔Bubenik, A. Epigenetical, Morphological, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Evolution of Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers. in ''Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers''. G. Bubenik and A. Bubenik eds. Springer-Verlag. New York. 1990〕 Although most pecorans have cranial appendages, only some of these are properly called “horns”; and many scientists agree that these appendages did not arise from a common ancestor, but instead evolved independently on at least two occasions.〔〔〔Janis, C., K. Scott. The Interrelationships of Higher Ruminant Families with Special Emphasis on the Members of the Cervoidea. ''American Museum Novitates''. 2893: 1-85. 1987. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/5180〕〔Hassanin, A., F. Delsuc, A. Ropiquet. C. Hammer, B. Jansen van Vuuren, C. Matthee, M. Ruiz-Garcia, F. Catzeflis, V. Areskoug, T. T. Nguyen, A. Couloux. Pattern and Timing of Diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as Revealed by a Comprehensive Analysis of Mitochondrial Genomes. ''Comptes Rendus Biologies''. 335: 32-50. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002〕 Likewise, while Pecora as a group is supported by both molecular and morphological studies, morphological support for interrelationships between pecoran families is disputed.〔
== Evolutionary history ==
The first fossil ruminants appeared in the mid-Eocene, and were small, likely omnivorous, forest-dwellers.〔DeMiguel, D., B. Azanza, J. Morales. Key Innovations in Ruminant Evolution: A Paleontological Perspective. ''Integrative Zoology''. 〕 Artiodactyls with cranial appendages first occur in the early Miocene.〔 The appearance of the Pecora during the Miocene suggests that their rapid diversification may correspond to the climate change events of that epoch.〔〔Morales, J., M. Pickford, D. Soria. Pachyostosis in a Lower Miocene Giraffoid from Spain, ''Lorancameryx pachyostoticus Nov. Gen. Nov. Sp.'' and Its Bearing on the Evolution of Bony Appendages in Artiodactyls. ''Geobios''. 26:207-230. 1993. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669959380016K〕
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