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Nyasaland, or the Nyasaland Protectorate ( or ), was a British protectorate located in Africa, which was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963, Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. After the Federation was dissolved, Nyasaland became independent from Britain on 6 July 1964 and was renamed Malawi. Nyasaland's history was marked by the massive loss of African communal lands in the early colonial period. In January 1915, the Reverend John Chilembwe staged an attempt at rebellion in protest at discrimination against Africans, which prompted some re-assessment of their policies by colonial authorities. A growing educated African elite became increasingly vocal and politically active from the 1930s, first through associations, and after 1944, through the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC). There was a marked increase in civil agitation when Nyasaland was forced into a Federation with Southern and Northern Rhodesia in 1953. The failure of the NAC to prevent this caused its collapse until it was revived not long afterwards by a younger and more militant generation which, ultimately, invited Hastings Banda to return to the country and lead it to independence. ==Population== The 1911 census was the first after the protectorate was renamed Nyasaland. The population according to this census was: Africans, classed as "natives" 969,183, Europeans 766, Asians 481. In March 1920 Europeans numbered 1,015 and Asians 515. The number of Africans was estimated (1919) at 561,600 males and 664,400 females, a total of 1,226,000. Blantyre, the chief town, had some 300 European residents. The number of resident Europeans was always small, only 1,948 in 1945, but their numbers rose to about 9,500 in 1960 and declined thereafter. The number of Asian residents was also small.〔J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, London, Pall Mall Press, pp. 25–6.〕 The category of 'native' was large, but there was no general definition of the term. In a Nyasaland court case of 1929, the judge opined that, “A native means a native of Africa who is not of European or Asiatic race or origin; all others are non-natives. A person's race or origin does not depend on where he or she is born. Race depends on the blood in one's veins…”.〔C Joon-Hai Lee, (2005). The 'Native' Undefined: Colonial Categories, Anglo-African Status and the Politics of Kinship in British Central Africa, 1929–38, The Journal of African History, Vol. 46, No. 3 pp. 462–3.〕 Unlike Europeans of British origin, Nyasaland natives did not hold British citizenship under British nationality law, but had the lesser status of British protected person.〔C Joon-Hai Lee, (2005). The 'Native' Undefined: Colonial Categories, Anglo-African Status and the Politics of Kinship in British Central Africa, p. 465.〕 By the 1950s, the term 'native' was regarded as offensive, but it was used in all colonial censuses up to and including 1945.〔Nyasaland Protectorate, (1946). Report on the Census of 1945, Zomba, Superintendent of Census pp. 15–17.〕 Census data from colonial censuses and the first census after independence in the table below show a population that increased quite rapidly. The de facto populations count those actually resident, the de jure populations include absent migrant workers. @derived from the de jure population by subtraction of those known to be abroad. +derived from the de facto population by addition of those known to be abroad. Source: Final Report of the 1966 Census of Malawi, Zomba, 1968. The colonial censuses were imprecise: those of 1901 and 1911 estimated the African population based on hut tax records and adult male tax defaulters (up to 10% of the total) went unrecorded. The censuses of 1921, 1926 and 1931 did not make individual counts of the African population, probably under-estimated absentees and under-counted in remote areas.〔R Kuczynski, (1949). Demographic Survey of the British Colonial Empire, Volume II, London, Oxford University Press pp. 524–8, 533–9, 579, 630–5.〕 The census of 1945 was better, but still not a true record of the African population. The censuses of 1921, 1931 and 1945 all recorded the numbers of Mozambique immigrants, but those before 1945 may have substantially under-recorded their numbers and also the full extent of labour emigration from Nyasaland.〔Nyasaland Superintendent of the Census, (1946). Report on the Census, 1945, Zomba, Government Printer, pp. 15–17〕 Throughout the colonial period and up to the present, the rural population density of Nyasaland has been among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the population increased quite rapidly, doubling between 1901 and 1931, high infant mortality and tropical diseases restricted the natural increase to no more than 1 to 2 percent a year, and the rest of the increase seems to have resulted from immigration from Mozambique. From 1931 to 1945, natural increase doubled, probably through improved medical services, infant mortality gradually decreased, and although immigration continued throughout the colonial period, it was a less significant factor.〔R. I. Rotberg, (2000). The African Population of Malawi: An Analysis of the Censuses between 1901 and 1966 by G Coleman, The Society of Malawi Journal Volume 53, Nos. 1/2, pp.108–9.〕 The 1921 census listed 108,204 “Anguru” (Lomwe speaking immigrants from Mozambique) and it is likely that a large number of those listed under other tribal names had crossed the border from Mozambique as well. It is also likely that the numbers of immigrants from tribal groups believed to belong to surrounding territories, mainly Mozambique and Northern Rhodesia, had doubled between 1921 and 1931, and that most of this large migratory movement took place after 1926. The "Anguru" population further increased by more than 60 percent between 1931 and 1945, and the 1966 census recorded 283,854 foreign-born Africans, of whom about 70 percent were born in Mozambique.〔R. I. Rotberg, (2000). The African Population of Malawi, pp.111–15, 117–19.〕 This inward migration of families was balanced by outward labour migration, mainly of men, to Southern Rhodesia and South Africa. The Nyasaland government estimated that 58,000 adult males were working outside Nyasaland in 1935, but the Southern Rhodesian census of 1931 alone recorded 54,000 male Nyasaland Africans there, so it was probably an underestimate. In 1937, it was estimated that over 90,000 adult males were migrant workers: of these a quarter was thought not to have been in touch with their families for more than five years.〔UK Government, (1938). Report of the Commission appointed to enquire into the Financial Position and Further Development of Nyasaland 1937, London, HMSO p. 96.〕 By 1945 almost 124,000 adult males and almost adult 9,500 females were known to be absent, excluded those not in touch with their families.〔Nyasaland Superintendent of the Census, (1946). Report on the Census, 1945, p.6.〕 The great bulk of migrant workers came from the Northern and Central regions: in 1937, out of 91,000 Africans recorded as absent less than 11,000 were from districts in the south.〔R Kuczynski, (1949). Demographic Survey of the British Colonial Empire, pp 569–71.〕 Labour migration continued up to and after independence. It was estimated that in 1963 there were 170,000 men absent, 120,000 in Southern Rhodesia, 30,000 in South Africa. and 20,000 in Zambia.〔J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, p. 25.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nyasaland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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