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The nomenklatura (; (ラテン語:nomenclatura)) were a category of people within the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries who held various key administrative positions in all spheres of those countries' activity: government, industry, agriculture, education, etc., whose positions were granted only with approval by the communist party of each country or region. Virtually all were members of the Communist Party. Critics of Stalin, such as Milovan Đilas, critically defined them as a new class. Trotskyism uses the term ''caste'' rather than ''class'', because it sees the Soviet Union as a degenerated workers' state, not a new class society. Later developments of Trotsky's theories, notably Tony Cliff's theory of State Capitalism, did refer to the nomenklatura as a new ''class''. The ''nomenklatura'' forming a ''de facto'' elite of public powers in the previous eastern block, may be compared to the western ''establishment'' 〔Alan Barcan, ''Sociological theory and educational reality'' (1993) p. 150〕 holding or controlling both private and public powers (media, finance, trade, industry, state and institutions…) 〔See also Norbert Elias, ''The Established and the Outsiders. A Sociological Enquiry into Community Problems''〕 ==Etymology== The Russian term is derived from the Latin ''nomenclatura'', meaning a list of names. The term was popularized in the West by the Soviet dissident Michael Voslenski, who in 1970 wrote a book titled ''Nomenklatura: The Soviet Ruling Class'' ((ロシア語:Номенклатура. Господствующий класс Сове́тского Сою́за)). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nomenklatura」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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