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Neo-Freudianism
The Neo-Freudian psychiatrists and psychologists were a group of loosely linked American theorists of the mid-twentieth century, who were all influenced by Sigmund Freud, but who extended his theories, often in social or cultural directions. They have been defined as 'American writers who attempted to restate Freudian theory in sociological terms and to eliminate its connections with biology'.〔Charles Rycroft, ''A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis'' (London 1995) p. 60〕
==Dissidents and post-Freudians==
The term "neo-Freudian" is sometimes loosely (but inaccurately) used to cover those early followers of Freud who at some point accepted the basic tenets of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis but later dissented from it. 'The best-known of these dissenters are Alfred Adler and Carl Jung...The Dissidents'.〔Eric Berne, ''A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis'' (Middlesex 1976) p. 277 and p. 298〕
The 'Independent Analysts' Group of the British Psycho-Analytical Society, as distinct from the Kleinians and what are now called the Contemporary Freudians',〔Patrick Casement, ''Further Learning from the Patient'' (London 1996) p. 177n〕 who include figures such as Christopher Bollas, D. W. Winnicott and Adam Phillips, are — like the ego-psychologists such as Heinz Hartmann or the intersubjectivist analysts in the States — perhaps best considered of as 'different schools of psychoanalytic thought',〔John H. Padel, "Freudianism: Later Developments" in Richard Gregory ed, ''The Oxford Companion to the Mind'' (Oxford 1987) p. 270〕 or as 'Post-Freudians...post-Freudian developments'.〔Jean-Michel Quinodox, ''Reading Freud'' (London 2005) p, ix〕
It was only in a jocular, derogative way that one might have spoken in the Eighties of 'today's ''nouvelle vague'' neo-Freudians, Kernberg and Kohut'.〔Janet Malcolm, ''Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession'' (London 1988) p. 28〕
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