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Monthon
Monthon ((タイ語:มณฑล)) were administrative subdivisions of Thailand at the beginning of the 20th century. The Thai word ''monthon'' is a translation of the word ''mandala'' (', literally "circle"), in its sense of a type of political formation. The monthon were created as a part of the ''thesaphiban'' (, literally "local government") bureaucratic administrative system, introduced by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. Together with the monthon, today's present provinces (changwat), districts (amphoe), and communes (tambon) were established step-by-step throughout Thailand. Each monthon was led by a royal commissioner called ''thesaphiban'' (เทศาภิบาล), later renamed to ''samuhathesaphiban'' (สมุหเทศาภิบาล). The system was officially adopted by the 1897 Local Administration Act, after some monthon had been established and administrative details were sorted out.
== History ==
Before the ''thesaphiban'' reforms, the country consisted of partially independent cities called ''mueang'', some directly subordinate to the capital, some subordinate to larger ''mueang'', or to one or more of the tributary kingdoms. Before the reforms, governors inherited their posts from their family lineage, and lived on taxes they collected in their area, a practice formally called tax farming. These were converted from hereditary governors to appointed governmental posts, as had been done by Chinese Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era rulers in first recognizing Tusi (tribal leaders) as imperial officials, then replacing them with imperial appointees. The arrangement resulted in governors being appointed and paid by the central government, and ''mueang'' developed into provinces. An essential step in the ending of tax farming was the creation on 3 September 1885 of the Royal Survey Department. Though its first fruits were not obtained until 1901, the department's cadastral surveys, i.e., surveys of specific land parcels, made possible the defining of ownership for land registration and equitable taxation. The term ''changwat'' (จังหวัด) for the provinces was first used in 1907 for the provinces in Monthon Pattani, and by 1916 had come into general use.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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