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Micro-volunteering describes a task done by a volunteer, or a team of volunteers, without payment, either online via an internet-connected device, including smartphones, or offline in small increments of time, usually to benefit a nonprofit organization, charitable organization, or non-governmental organization. Micro-volunteering is a form of virtual volunteering. It typically does not require an application process, screening or training period, takes only minutes or a few hours to complete, and does not require an ongoing commitment by the volunteer. At the global level, in 2000 the United Nations Volunteer programme launched the Online Volunteering service〔(Online Volunteering service, History )〕 to provide a venue where individuals from across the globe can take action for sustainable human development by supporting the activities of development organizations over the Internet. Grassroots organizations, international NGOs, local governments, educational institutions and United Nations agencies just need to register in this website, describe the microtask that that should be addressed and launch a global call for support from individuals worldwide. Tagging photos from a vast database〔(Photo database tagging and editing )〕 or transcribing manuscripts are examples of microvolunteering tasks. The first known instance of the term "microvolunteering" appeared on 9 May 2006 within a response to a blog post on the U.K. mySociety platform.〔http://www.mysociety.org/2006/04/06/do-me-a-favour-2/〕 Spanish microvolunteering website first registered the phrase "microvoluntarios" as a web domain name on 27 November 2006.〔http://whois.domaintools.com/microvoluntarios.org〕 Microvoluntarios created the first working publicly accessible online microvolunteering platform in May 2008,〔(¿Te sobran 20 minutos? Hazte microvoluntario virtual! )〕 somewhat after the first microvolunteering mobile phone application was submitted to a public Google Android competition.〔( Mobile phone volunteering )〕 Micro-volunteering has been practiced informally and on an ad-hoc basis, with nonprofits involving volunteers in short-term, low-commitment assignments via the Internet for some time.〔(A Brief Review of the Early History of Nonprofits and the Internet )〕 In North America, The Extraordinaries, a San Francisco-based social enterprise founded in January 2008 popularised this form of volunteering via their microvolunteering product known as ''www.sparked. com (since then, the company pivoted to customer satisfaction analytics, and the iOS app abandoned〔(The Extraordinaries in iTunes )〕). The development of a smartphone app made microvolunteering accessible to any nonprofit with an internet connection.〔(The Extraordinaries: Will Microvolunteering Work? : NPR )〕〔(Smart-phone app lets you do good deeds in your spare time - CSMonitor.com )〕〔(San Francisco-based website offers micro-volunteering platform | abc7news.com )〕 Micro-volunteering, online volunteering and online activism through social media are fast growing trends. Some observers contend that the digital divide may further exclude people with limited access to technology and that benefits are not as accessible in low-income countries. Others assert that technology has made volunteerism more impersonal, by discouraging face to-face interaction. As such, it could serve to obstruct meaningful volunteer engagement〔Gladwell, M. (2010, October 4). Small change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker. Retrieved 12 May 2011 from http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-3〕 There are several definitions of the term "microvolunteering" in use: *"Easy quick low-commitment actions that benefit a worthy cause"〔(Help From Home )〕 *"Convenient bite-sized crowdsourced and network managed"〔(Sparked, U.S. )〕 *"The act of voluntarily participating in day-to-day situations that occupy a brief amount of time"〔(Student Volunteer Connections, Canada )〕 Mass SMS communication is considered a form of “micro-volunteerism”, on account of its limited duration which does not require a long-term commitment.〔SWVR http://www.unv.org/fileadmin/docdb/pdf/2011/SWVR/English/SWVR2011_full_%5B06%5D_chapter3.pdf〕 Volunteer health workers, for example, send SMS text messages to report basic symptoms of illness and disease. Plotting the geographical occurrence of these symptoms on maps (or "crowdmapping"), using programmes such as Kenyan-based Ushahidi can help epidemiologists to identify patterns of disease and provide early warning of potential outbreaks. In Rwanda, the government distributes cell phones to volunteer community health-care workers in rural areas. These are used to monitor the progress of pregnant village women, to send regular updates to health-care professionals, and to call for urgent assistance when necessary. The scheme has contributed significantly to reducing maternal deaths. In Musanze district, for example, no maternal deaths were reported during the year following the launch of the programme in 2009, compared to ten deaths the year before. Given the success of the programme, there are plans to distribute 50,000 phones to reach all volunteer health workers in Rwanda and to extend the programme to agriculture and education.〔Desai, L. (2010, July 28). Cell phones save lives in Rwandan villages. Cable News Network. Retrieved 30 April 2011 from http://articles.cnn.com/2010-07- 28/world/Rwanda.phones.pregnant.wo men_1_cell-phones-health-workers-free- phones?_s=PM:WORLD〕 SMS messaging is also a powerful tool for election monitoring organizations to support the work of volunteers. It can help them to address logistic challenges more rapidly as well as contributing to effective election oversight and the protection of citizens’ rights〔State of the World’s Volunteerism Report 2011, http://www.unv.org/fileadmin/docdb/pdf/2011/SWVR/English/SWVR2011_full.pdf〕 ==See also== * Crowdsourcing * Virtual volunteering * Slacktivism * Volunteer * Distributed computing * List of distributed computing projects * Volunteer computing 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Micro-volunteering」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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