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Metaknowledge or meta-knowledge is knowledge about a preselected knowledge. For the reason of different definitions of knowledge in the subject matter literature, meta-information is or is not included in meta-knowledge. Detailed cognitive, systemic and epistemic study of human knowledge requires a distinguishing of these concepts. but in the common language knowledge includes information, and, for example, bibliographic data are considered as a meta-knowledge. Meta-knowledge is a fundamental conceptual instrument in such research and scientific domains as, knowledge engineering, knowledge management, and others dealing with study and operations on knowledge, seen as a unified object/entities, abstracted from local conceptualizations and terminologies. Examples of the first-level individual meta-knowledge are methods of planning, modeling, tagging, learning and every modification of a domain knowledge. According to the TOGA meta-theory,〔 *(Meta-Knowledge Unified Framework (A.M. Gadomski) ) - the TOGA meta-theory, Italian Research Agency ENEA〕 the procedures, methodologies and strategies of teaching, coordination of e-learning courses are individual meta-meta-knowledge of an intelligent entity (a person, organization or society). Of course, universal meta-knowledge frameworks have to be valid for the organization of meta-levels of individual meta-knowledge. Metaknowledge may be automatically harvested from electronic publication archives, to reveal patterns in research, relationships between researchers and institutions and to identify contradictory results.〔(James A. Evans, et al. 2011. Metaknowledge. Science 331, 721. )〕 == See also == * Epistemic logic * Knowledge * Macropædia * Meta * Metaprogramming (in computer science) * ''Metahistory'', a book by Hayden White * Meta-philosophy * Meta-epistemology * Metalogic * Metamathematics * Metaphysics * Meta-ethics * Meta-ontology * Metatheory * Metadata 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Metaknowledge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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